It is evident from this that little “a” is the cause or the effect of little “p.” To put it in concrete form:
Let A = X number of calories of heat,
And P = 68° F., the original temperature of room,
And a = candle burning in room for ½ hour,
And p = 2° F.
Then
| Antecedents | Consequent |
| X no. of cal. of heat in room | = 68° F. temp. of room |
| X no. of cal. of heat + burning candle | = 68° + 2° = 70° |
| X (no. of cal. of heat + burning candle) − burning candle | = (68° + 2°) − 2° = 68° |
As large “A” is increased and decreased by little “a” so large “P” appears to be increased and decreased by little “p.” This strongly suggests a causal connection between little “a” and little “p.”
(3) Other concrete illustrations.
Problem: To ascertain nature of sound.