([a.]) Time: vehemēns sum exoriēns, quom occidō vehementior, Pl. R. 71, furious am I at my rising, when I set more furious still. occīsus est ā cēnā rediēns, RA. 97, he was murdered on his way home from a dinner-party. ūnam noctem sōlam praedōnēs commorātī, accedēre incipiunt Syrācūsās, V. 5, 95, the freebooters, after tarrying but one night, began to draw near Syracuse. The future is late ([2283]): as, prīmum omnium virōrum fortium itūrī in proelia canunt, Ta. G. 3, as the chief of all brave heroes, they sing of him when they are on the point of going to battle, of Hercules.
([b.]) Cause or means: mōtum exspectāns dīlectum habēre īnstituit, 6, 1, 1, since he anticipated a rising, he determined on recruiting troops. moveor tālī amīcō orbātus, L. 10, I am certainly affected at being bereaved of such a friend. dextrā datā fidem futūrae amīcitiae sanxisse, L. 1, 1, 8, by giving his right hand he gave a pledge of future friendship. quae contuēns animus accēdit ad cōgnitiōnem deōrum, DN. 2, 153, through the contemplation of these, the mind arrives at a knowledge of the gods. The future participle is late: as, neque illīs iūdicium aut vēritās, quippe eōdem diē dīversa parī certāmine postulātūrīs, Ta. H. 1, 32, they had neither sound judgement nor sincerity, since on the same day they were to make conflicting demands with equal vehemence.
([c.]) Purpose: the future participle, commonly with a verb of motion: ad Clūsium vēnērunt, legiōnem Rōmānam castraque oppugnātūrī, L. 10, 26, 7, they came to the neighbourhood of Clusium, to assail the Roman legion and camp. ascendit ipse, lātūrus auxilium, Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 9, he went aboard in person to go to the rescue. laetō complērant lītora coetū vīsūrī Aeneadas, V. 5, 107, in happy company they’d filled the strand to see Aeneas’ men. rediēre omnēs Bonōniam, rursus cōnsiliātūrī, Ta. H. 2, 53, they all went back to Bologna for a second consultation. This use appears first in C. Gracchus as cited by Gellius, then once in Cicero and Sallust each, and a few times in the poets. From Livy on, it grows commoner. In the poets, Livy, and Tacitus, it is sometimes joined with a conditional idea or protasis: as, ēgreditur castrīs Rōmānus, vāllum invāsūrus nī cōpia pugnae fieret, L. 3, 60, 8, the Roman marches out of camp, proposing to assault the stockade unless battle were offered.
([d.]) Concession: quī mortālis nātus condiciōnem postulēs immortālium, TD. 3, 36, thou who, though born to die, layest claim to the state of the deathless. bēstiīs, quibus ipsa terra fundit pāstūs abundantīs nihil labōrantibus, Fin. 2, 111, the beasts, on which, though they toil not, earth lavishes sustenance in profusion. Often with tamen or the like accompanying the verb: as, ibī̆ vehementissimē perturbātus Lentulus tamen et sīgnum et manum suam cōgnōvit, C. 3, 12, thereupon Lentulus, though thrown into the most extreme confusion, did yet recognize his own hand and seal. For quamquam and quamvīs, see [1900], [1907]. Ovid and Propertius sometimes have licet ([1710]): as, isque, licet caelī regiōne remōtōs, mente deōs adiīt, O. 15, 62, he in the spirit to the gods drew nigh, though they are far away in heaven’s domain. The future participle is rare and late.
([e.]) Hypothesis: quid igitur mihī̆ ferārum laniātus oberit nihil sentientī? TD. 1, 104, what hurt will the clawing of wild beasts do me if I have no feeling? appārēbat nōn admissōs prōtinus Carthāginem itūrōs, L. 21, 9, 4, it grew obvious that, if not given audience, they would go to Carthage forthwith. For other examples, see [2110]. For the participle with quasi or ut, and in late writers with tamquam or velut, see [2121]. The future participle is rare and late.
([f.]) Description or manner: haec properantēs scrīpsimus, Att. 4, 4a, I have written this hastily, i.e. in haste yours truly. dictātor et magister equitum triumphantēs in urbem rediēre, L. 2, 20, 13, the dictator and his master of the horse returned to the city in triumph. incendēbat haec flētū et pectus verberāns, Ta. 1, 23, he lent passion to his words with tears and beating of his breast. vīnctōs aspiciunt catēnīs līberōs suōs, V. 5, 108, they behold their own children held in bondage.
[2296.] The participle with a negative may be translated by without: as,
id illa ūnivorsum abripiet haud existumāns quantō labōre partum, T. Ph. 45, my lady’ll grab it all without a thought of all the toil it cost to get. nōn rogātōs ultrō offerre auxilium, L. 34, 23, 3, that without being asked, they offer assistance of their own accord.