The cathedral in Rheimes was commenced in 1211: the choir was dedicated in 1241, and the edifice was completed in 1430. The cathedral of Amiens was begun in 1220; that of Chartres was begun about 1020, and was dedicated in 1260; that of Salisbury was begun in 1220; that of Cologne, in 1248; the cathedral of Strasburg was only half finished in 1318, when the architect, Erwin of Steinbach, died; that of Notre Dame in Paris was begun in 1163; that of Toledo, in 1258. These noble buildings were built gradually: centuries passed before the completion of them. Several of them to this day remain unfinished.
FRANCE.—THE HOUSE OF VALOIS.
PHILIP VI, 1328-1350, m.
Jeanne, daughter of Robert II, Duke of Burgundy.
|
+—JOHN, 1350-1364, m.
Bona, daughter of John, King of Bohemia.
|
+—CHARLES V, 1364-1380, m.
Jeanne, daughter of Peter I, Duke of Bourbon.
|
+—CHARLES VI, 1380-1422, m.
| Isabella, daughter of Stephen, Duke of Bavaria.
| |
| +—CHARLES VII, 1422-1461,
| m. Mary, daughter
| of Louis II of Anjou.
| |
| +—LOUIS XI, 1461-1483,
| m. (2), Charlotte,
| daughter of Louis,
| Duke of Savoy.
| |
| +—3, CHARLES VIII, 1483-1498,
| m. Anne of Bretagne.
|
+—Louis, Duke of Orleans (d. 1407) m.
Valentina, daughter of Gian Galeazzi, Duke of Milan.
|
+—Charles, Duke of Orleans (d. 1467),
| m. Mary of Cleves.
| |
| +—2, Anne of Bretagne,
| m. LOUIS XII, 1498-1515.
| |
| +—Claude, m. FRANCIS I, 1515-1547.
|
+—John, Count of Angoulême (d. 1467).
|
+—Charles, count (d. 1496),
m. Louisa, daughter
of Philip II, Duke of Savoy.
|
+—FRANCIS I, 1515-1547.
| |
| +—HENRY II. 1547-1559, m..
| Catherine de' Medici, d.. 1589.
| |
| +—FRANCIS II, 1559-1560, m.
| | Mary, Queen of Scots.
| |
| +—CHARLES IX, 1560-1574,
| | m. Elizabeth, daughter of
| | Emperor Maximilian II.
| |
| +—HENRY III. 1574-1589, m.
| | Louis, daughter of Nicholas,
| | Duke of Mercoeur.
| |
| +—Margaret,
| m.
| +—HENRY IV, succeeded 1589.
| |
| +—Jeanne, m. Anthony of Bourbon.
| |
+—MARGARET, m. (2), HENRY II OF NAVARRE.
ENGLAND.—DESCENDANTS OF EDWARD I
EDWARD I, 1272-1307, m..
1, Eleanor, daughter of Ferdinand III of Castile;
|
|
+—4, EDWARD II, 1307-1327, m..
Isabel, daughter of Philip IV of France.
|
+—EDWARD III, 1327-1377, m.
Philippa, daughter of William III of Hainault.
|
+—Edward, the Black Prince,
| m. Joan of Kent.
| |
| +—RICHARD II, 1377-1399, m.
| Anne, daughter of Emperor Charles IV.
|
+—Lionel, Duke of Clarence.
| |
| +—Philippa, m. Edmund Mortimer.
| |
| +—Roger Mortimer.
| |
| +—Edmund Mortimer.
| |
| +—Anne Mortimer, m.
| Richard, Earl of Cambridge.
| |
| +—Richard, Duke of York.
| |
| +—EDWARD IV, 1461-1483.
| | |
| | +—EDWARD V (d. 1483).
| |
| +—RICHARD III, 1483-1485.
|
+—John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster.
| |
| +—HENRY IV, 1399-1413.
| |
| +—HENRY V, 1413-1422.
| |
| +—HENRY VI, 1422-1461.
|
+—Edmund, Duke of York.
|
+—Richard, Earl of Cambridge m.
Anne Mortimer (wh. see).
2, Margaret, daughter of Philip III of France.
PERIOD IV. FROM THE END OF THE CRUSADES TO THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. (A.D. 1270-1453.)
THE DECLINE OP ECCLESIASTICAL AUTHORITY: THE GROWTH OF THE NATIONAL SPIRIT AND OF MONARCHY.
CHARACTER OF THE NEW ERA.—The Church was supreme in the era of the Crusades. These had been great movements of a society of which the Pope was the head,—movements in which the pontiffs were the natural leaders. We come now to an era when the predominance of the Church declines, and the Papacy loses ground. Mingled with religion, there is diffused a more secular spirit. The nations grow to be more distinct from one another. Political relations come to be paramount. The national spirit grows strong,—too strong for outside ecclesiastical control. Within each nation the laity is inclined to put limits to the power and privileges of the clergy. In several of the countries, monarchy in the modern European form gets a firm foothold. The enfranchisement of the towns, the rise of commerce, the influence gained by the legists and by the Roman law, of which they were the expounders, had betokened the dawn of a new era. The development of the national languages and literatures signified its coming. Germany and the Holy Roman Empire no longer absorb attention. What is taking place in France and England is, to say the least, of equal moment.