ANTIPATER. | +—(8) CASSANDER, m. Thessalonica. | | | +—(9) PHILIP II. | | | +—(10) ANTIPATER II. | | | +—(11) ALEXANDER. | | +—Philip. | +—Eurydicé, m. Ptolemy Lagi, | +—Phila, m. | 1, Craterus; | 2, Demetrius Poliorcetes. | +—Nicaea, m. Perdiccas.
C.—House of Antigonus.
Antigonus I. | | +—(12) DEMETRIUS I (Poliorcetes), m. | Phila, daughter of Antipater. | | | +—(13) Antigonus II (Gonatas), m. | | Phila, daughter of Seleucus Nicator. | | | | | +—(14) Demetrius II, m. | | 1, Stratonice; | | | | | +—(16) PHILIP III. | | | | | | | +—(17) PERSEUS, m. | | | | Laodicé, daughter of Seleucus Philopator. | | | | | | | +—Demetrius | | | | | +—Apama. | | | | 2, Phthia. | | | +—Craterus. | | | | | +—Alexander | | | +—Demetrius the Handsome. | | | | | +—Antigonus III (Doson), m. | | | Phthia, widow of Demetrius II | | | | | +—Echecrates, | | | | | +—Antigonus. | | | +—Stratonice, m. | | 1, Seleucus Nicator; | | 2, Antiochus Theus. | | | +—Phila. | +—Philip.
[From Rawlinson's Manual of Ancient History.]
SECTION II. ROMAN HISTORY.
INTRODUCTION.
PLACE OF ROME IN HISTORY.—Rome is the bridge which unites, while it separates, the ancient and the modern world. The history of Rome is the narrative of the building up of a single City, whose dominion gradually spread until it comprised all the countries about the Mediterranean, or what were then the civilized nations. "In this great empire was gathered up the sum total that remained of the religions, laws, customs, languages, letters, arts, and sciences of all the nations of antiquity which had successively held sway or predominance." Under the system of Roman government and Roman law they were combined in one ordered community. It was out of the wreck of the ancient Roman Empire that the modern European nations were formed. Their likeness to one another, their bond of fellowship, is due to the heritage of laws, customs, letters, religion, which they have received in common from Rome.
THE INHABITANTS OF ANCIENT ITALY.—Until a late period in Roman history, the Apennines, and not the Alps, were the northern boundary of Italy. The most of the region between the Alpine range and the Apennines, on both sides of the Po, was inhabited by Gauls, akin to the Celts of the same name north of the Alps. On the west of Gallia were the Ligurians, a rough people of unknown extraction. People thought to be of the same race as the Ligurians dwelt in Sardinia and in Corsica, and in a part of Sicily. On the east of Gallia were the Venetians, whose lineage is not ascertained. The Apennines branch off from the Alps in a southeasterly direction until they near the Adriatic, when they turn to the south, and descend to the extreme point of the peninsula, thus forming the backbone of Italy. On the west, in the central portion of the peninsula, is the hilly district called by the ancients, Etruria (now Tuscany), and the plains of Latium and Campania. What is now termed Campania, the district about Rome, is a part of ancient Latium. The Etrurians differed widely, both in appearance and in language, from the Romans. They were not improbably Aryans, but nothing more is known of their descent. In the east, in what is now Calabria, and in Apulia, there was another people, the Iapygians, whose origin is not certain, but who were not so far removed from the Greeks as from the Latins. The southern and south-eastern portions of the peninsula were the seat of the Greek settlements, and the country was early designated Great Greece. Leaving out the Etrurians, Iapygians, and Greeks, Italy, south of Gallia, was inhabited by nations allied to one another, and more remotely akin to the Greeks. These Italian nations were divided into an eastern and a western stock. The western stock, the Latins, whose home was in Latium, were much nearer of kin to the Greeks than were the eastern. The eastern stock comprised the Umbrians and the Oscans. It included the Sabines, Samnites, and Lucanians.
We are certain, that, "from the common cradle of peoples and languages, there issued a stock which embraced in common the ancestors of the Greeks and the Italians; that from this, at a subsequent period, the Italians branched off; and that these divided again into the western and eastern stocks, while, at a still later date, the eastern became subdivided into Umbrians and Oscans." (Mommsen's History of Rome, vol. i., p. 36.)
ITALY AND GREECE.—In two important points, Italy is geographically distinguished from Greece. The sea-coast of Italy is more uniform, not being broken by bays and harbors; and it is not cut up, like Greece, by chains of mountains, into small cantons. The Romans had not the same inducement to become a sea-faring people; there were fewer cities; there was an opportunity for closer and more extended leagues. It is remarkable that the outlets of Greece were towards the east; those of Italy towards the west. The two nations were thus averted from one another: they were, so to speak, back to back.