[XI-45] Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 45-6.
[XI-46] Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 95-7; Möllhausen's Journey, vol. ii., p. 82; Id., Tagebuch, pp. 275-7; Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 39. Col. Doniphan found in 1846 on the head-waters of the Piscao (Pescado, Zuñi?) the ruins of an ancient city, which formed a square surrounded by double walls of stone 14 feet apart. The space between the walls was divided into compartments 14 feet square, opening into the interior. The houses were three stories high, the lower story being partially subterranean. Large quantities of red cedar, apparently cut for firewood, were found in connection with the buildings. Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., pp. 197-8. Simpson explored the stream to its source, and found no ruins except three at Ojo del Pescado, which were probably the same on which Doniphan's report was founded, although there is no resemblance in the descriptions.
[XI-47] Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 93-109, pl. 60-1, views of cliff; pl. 65-74, inscriptions; pl. 63, ground plan of building; pl. 64, pottery; cut p. 100, plan of rock. Whipple, et al., in Pac. R. R. Repts, vol. iii., pp. 22, 52, 63-4, with plates; Möllhausen, Tagebuch, pp. 266-72, pl. of plan and pottery; Id., Journey, vol. ii., pp. 68-79, 52, pl.; Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 208-9, 415-18; Davis' El Gringo, pp. 422-3; Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 147; Barber and Howe's Western States, p. 561.
[XI-48] Dominguez and Escalante, Diario, in Doc. Hist. Mex., série ii., tom. i., pp. 400-2. A correspondent of the San Francisco Evening Bulletin, July 8, 1864, says that the San Juan valley is strewn with ruins for hundreds of miles, some buildings three stories high of solid masonry still standing. Davis, El Gringo, p. 417, had heard of some ruins on the northern bank of the San Juan, but none further north. 'The valleys of the Rio de las Animas and San Juan are strewn with the ruins of cities, many of them of solid masonry. Stone buildings, three stories high, are yet standing, of Aztec architecture.' Baker, in Cal. Farmer, June 19, 1863.
[XI-49] Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 74-5, pl. 53-4. Other slight accounts made up from Simpson: Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 201; Annual Scien. Discov., 1850, p. 362; Barber and Howe's Western States, pp. 559-60, with cut.
[XI-50] Dr Hammond, a companion of Simpson, describes this room as follows: 'It was in the second of three ranges of rooms, on the north side of the ruins. The door opened at the base of the wall, towards the interior of the building; it had never been more than two feet and a half high, and was filled two-thirds with rubbish. The lintels were of natural sticks of wood, one and a half to two and a half inches in diameter, deprived of the bark, and placed at distances of two or three inches apart; yet their ends were attached to each other by withes of oak with its bark well preserved. The room was in the form of a parallelogram, about twelve feet in length, eight feet high, and the walls, as they stood at the time of observation, seven feet high. The floor was of earth, and the surface irregular. The walls were about two feet thick, and plastered within with a layer of red mud one fourth of an inch thick. The latter, having fallen off in places, showed the material of the wall to be sandstone. The stone was ground into pieces the size of our ordinary bricks, the angles not as perfectly formed, though nearly so, and put up in break-joints, having intervals between them, on every side, of about two inches. The intervals were filled with laminæ of a dense sandstone, about three lines in thickness, driven firmly in, and broken off even with the general plane of the wall—the whole resembling mosaic work. Niches, varying in size from two inches to two feet and a half square, and two inches to one and a half feet in horizontal depth, were scattered irregularly over the walls, at various heights above the floor. Near the place of the ceiling, the walls were penetrated, and the surfaces of them perpendicular to the length of the beam. They had the appearance of having been sawed off originally, except that there were no marks of the saw left on them; time had slightly disintegrated the surfaces, rounding the edges somewhat here and there. Supporting the floor above were six cylindrical beams, about seven inches in diameter, passing transversely of the room, and at distances of less than two feet apart—the branches of the trees having been hewn off by means of a blunt-edged instrument. Above, and resting on these, running longitudinally with the room, were poles of various lengths, about two inches in diameter, irregularly straight, placed in contact with each other, covering all the top of the room, bound together at irregular and various distances, generally at their ends, by slips apparently of palm-leaf or marquez, and the same material converted into cords about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, formed of two strands, hung from the poles at several points. Above, and resting upon the poles, closing all above, passing transversely of the room, were planks of about seven inches wide, and three-fourths of an inch in thickness. The width of the plank was uniform, and so was the thickness. They were in contact, or nearly so, admitting but little more than the passage of a knife blade between them, by the edges, through the whole of their lengths. They were not jointed; all their surfaces were level, and as smooth as if planed, excepting the ends; the angles as regular and perfect as could be retained by such vegetable matter—they are probably of pine or cedar—exposed to the atmosphere for as long a time as it is probable these have been. The ends of the plank, several of which were in view, terminated in lines perpendicular to the length of the plank, and the plank appears to have been severed by a blunt instrument. The planks—I examined them minutely by the eye and the touch, for the marks of the saw and other instruments—were smooth, and colored brown by time or by smoke. Beyond the plank nothing was distinguishable from within. The room was redolent with the perfume of cedar. Externally, upon the top, was a heap of stone and mud, ruins that have fallen from above, immovable by the instruments that we had along. The beams were probably severed by contusions from a dull instrument, and their surfaces ground plain and smooth by a slab of rock; and the planks, split or hewn from the trees, were, no doubt, rendered smooth by the same means.' Hammond, in Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 131-3.
[XI-51] Chaco ruins as discovered by Simpson: Pueblo Pintado, 403 feet circumference, 3 stories, 54 rooms on ground floor, pp. 34-6, pl. 20, 22, 41; view, specimens of masonry, and of pottery. Rock-inscriptions at Camp 9, p. 36, pl. 23-5. Pueblo Weje-gi, 13 miles from Pueblo Pintado, 700 feet in circumference, 99 rooms, walls 25 feet high, pp. 36-7, pl. 26-7; view and ground plan. Pueblo Una Vida, 15½ miles from Pueblo Pintado, circumference 994 feet, height 15 feet, 2 stories, 4 estufas, pp. 37-8, pl. 28-9; view and ground plan. Pueblo Hungo Pavie, 872 feet circumference, 30 feet high, 4 stories, 72 rooms, 1 estufa, p. 38, pl. 30-2; plan, pottery, and restoration (all copied above). Pueblo Chettro Kettle, circumference 1300 feet, 4 stories, 124 rooms, 6 estufas, pp. 38-40, pl. 33-5; plan, interior, hieroglyphics. Pueblo Bonito, circumference 1300 feet, 4 stories, 139 rooms traceable, 4 estufas, pp. 40-2, 131-3, pl. 36-38, 40-41; view, plan, interior, pottery, specimen of masonry. Pueblo Arroyo, 100 feet circumference, 2 undescribed ruins near it, p. 42. Pueblo Peñasco Blanco, on south side of river, 1700 feet circumference, 112 rooms, 3 stories, 7 estufas, pp. 42-3, pl. 41, fig. 2; specimen of masonry. Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 34-43, 131-3. Slight account from Simpson, in Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 199-200, 379-81, 385; Annual Scien. Discov., 1850, pp. 362-3; Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 86-9, cut; Barber and Howe's Western States, pp. 556-9, cuts; Thümmel, Mexiko, pp. 347-8. A newspaper report of a ruin discovered by one Roberts may be as well mentioned here as elsewhere, although the locality given is 90 miles within the Arizona line, while the Chaco remains are in New Mexico. This city was built on a mesa with precipitous sides, and covered an area of 3 square miles, being enclosed by a wall of hewn sandstone, still standing in places 6 or 8 feet high. No remains of timber were found in the city, which must have contained originally 20,000 inhabitants. It was laid out in plazas and streets, and the walls bore sculptured hieroglyphics. San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 12, 1872. See also Alta California, June 26, 1874. I give but few of these newspaper reports as specimens; a volume might be filled with them, without much profit.
[XI-52] Davis' list of Pueblo towns is as follows:—Taos, Picoris, Nambé, Tezuque, Pojuaque, San Juan, San Yldefonso, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Cochiti, Isleta, Silla, Laguna, Acoma, Jemez, Zuñi, Sandia, Santa Clara. El Gringo, p. 115. Barreiro, Ojeada, p. 15, adds Pecos, and omits San Juan. Simpson, Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 114, says that Cebolleta, Covero, and Moquino, are not properly Indian pueblos, but ordinary Mexican towns.
[XI-53] See vol. i., pp. 533-8.
[XI-54] Abert's New Mex., in Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 457; Davis' El Gringo, pp. 141-2. See also Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 276-7. This author says there is a similar edifice in the pueblo of Picuris. Edwards' Campaign, pp. 43-4; Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 191-2. On the Arroyo Hondo 10 miles north of Taos, Mr Peters, Life of Carson, p. 437, speaks of the remains of the largest Aztec settlement in New Mexico, consisting of small cobble-stones in mud, pottery, arrow-heads, stone pipes, and rude tools.