LESSON LI.
THE PRONOUN AMBAŬ.
238. The pronoun (and pronominal adjective) ambaŭ, both, indicates two persons or things considered together. It is invariable in form:
Ili ambaŭ venis al la templo, they both came to the temple.
Ambaŭ faris oferojn al la dioj, both made offerings to the gods.
Vidante kaj la plumon kaj la plumingon, mi prenis la ambaŭ, seeing both the pen and the penholder, I took both.
This pronoun must not be confused with the use of kaj, translated both in the combination kaj ... kaj ..., both ... and ... (26).
FORMATIONS WITH -IG- AND -IĜ-.
239. Some verbs may be used in the simple form, and also with both the suffix -ig- and the suffix -iĝ-. Thus from one verb-root three verbs of distinct meaning may be made, and the formation with -ig-, being transitive, may also be used in the passive:
| sidi, | to sit, to be sitting. |
| sidiĝi, to become sitting, to take a seat. | |
| sidigi, to cause to sit, to seat. | |
| esti sidigata, to be caused to sit. | |
| silenti, to be silent. | |
| silentiĝi, to become silent. | |
| silentigi, to cause to be silent, to silence. | |
| esti silentigita, to be silenced. | |
| kuŝi, to lie, to be lying. | |
| kuŝiĝi, to lie down, to go to bed. | |
| kuŝigi, to cause to lie, to lay. | |
| esti kuŝigita, to be laid. | |
| stari, to stand, to be standing. | |
| stariĝi, to rise, to stand up, to become erect. | |
| starigi, to raise, to cause to stand up, to erect. | |
| esti starigita, to be raised, to be erected. | |
FACTUAL CONDITIONS.
240. A conditional sentence consists of two parts, an assumption and a conclusion. The assumption is a clause (introduced usually by the conjunction se, if) which assumes something as true or realized. The conclusion is a statement whose truth or realization depends upon the truth or realization of the assumption. Factual conditions (conditions of fact) may deal with the present, past or future time: