The Haskalah Movement in Russia

by Jacob S. Raisin

Abele, Abraham, Talmudist, [164], [199].
Abi'ezer, by Günzburg, [220].
Abraham, son of Elijah Gaon, [119].
Abramovich, Andrey, statesman, [22].
Abramovitsch, Solomon Jacob, novelist, [203].
Adelsohn, Wolf, "the Hebrew Diogenes," [200].
Aguilar, Grace, on Russo-Jewish misery, [154].
Ahiasaf Society, [296-297].
Aleksey (Abraham), proselyte-priest, [25].
Alexander I, during his period of tolerance, [111-113];
during his period of intolerance, [127-138], [140], [144], [163], [170], [192], [201], [249], [251], [253].
Alexander II, referred to, [11], [79], [261];
reign of reforms, [222-226];
favorable attitude towards Jews, [224-225], [229-231];
the Narodniki, [236];
change of policy, [248-255];
plotted against and assassinated, [255-258].
Alexander III, referred to, [80], [255];
restrictions, [268-270];
pogroms, [269];
"May Laws," [270-273];
Jews excluded from schools by, [273-275].
Alexander Jagellon and the Jews, [21].
Allgemeine jüdische Arbeiterbund, Der, in Littauen, Polen, und Russland, [293].
Alliance Israélite Universelle, programme of, [236];
criticism of, [285-286].
Altaras, Jacques Isaac, philanthropist, [157].
America. See [United States, the].
'Am 'Olam Society, [283].
Amsterdam, referred to, [22];
a place of refuge for Russo-Polish proselytes, [27];
elects Russo-Jewish rabbis, [33-34];
place of study, [81], [93], [109], [126], [165].
Antokolsky, Mark, sculptor, [241].
Anton, Carl, author, [64].
Apostol, Cossack hetman, [57].
Apotheker, Abraham Ashkenazi, author, [40].
Arbeiterstimme, Die, [293].
Aristotle, [50], [216], [297].
Ascension of Elijah, [134].
Ashkenazi, Meïr, envoy of the Khan of the Tatars, [23].
Ashkenazi, Meïr, rabbinical author, quoted, [31], [33].
Ashkenazi, Solomon, statesman, [23].
Assemblies, Jewish, under Alexander I, [117], [128];
under Nicholas I, [151], [173], [174-176];
in Vilna, [165];
under Alexander II, [230];
at Kattowitz, [285].
Auerbach, Berthold, on Maimon, [88].
[Austria], Haskalah in, [12], [188];
influence on Russian Maskilim, [195];
place of study for Russian Jews, [285], [298].
See also [Galicia].
Auto-Emancipation, [281-283].
'Ayit Zabua', [244-245].

Baku, antiquity of, [20].
[Barit, Jacob] ("Yankele Kovner"), scholar, [200], [255], [259].
Bathory, Stephen, [59], [253].
Beer, Michel, champion of Jewish rights, [114].
Behalot, [63], [161].
Behr, Issachar Falkensohn, poet, [90-91], [108].
Belkind, Israel, Zionist, [286].
Belzyc, Jacob Nahman, author, [36].
Bene Mosheh Society, [286].
Bennett, Solomon, of Polotzk, engraver, champion of Jewish rights in England, [95-96].
Bentwich, on Jewish colonists in Palestine, [289].
Ben Yehudah, Eliezer, Hebraist, [284-285].
Beobachter, Der, an der Weichsel, [124], [196].
Berdichev, [123], [175], [200], [206], [239].
Berek, Joselovich, colonel, [115].
Berlin, [37], [78], [80], [81], [84], [85], [90], [91], [93], [120], [126], [132], [192], [245], [251], [257], [291], [298].
Berlin, Moses, uchony Yevrey, [230].
Berlin, Naphtali Zebi Judah, dean of Yeshibah, [152], [254], [288].
Bernfeld, on Maimon, [86].
Besht, Israel Baal Shem [Tob], referred to, [65], [122], [123]; his life, [66-69];
opposition to rabbinism, [67], [70], [71], [75];
his influence, [76];
his biography, [134].
Bet ha-Midrash, description of the, [50-51].
Bet ha-Sefer, in Jaffa, [290-291].
Bet Yehudah, by Levinsohn, [209-210].
Bezalel, school of art, [291].
Bibikov, on Russian Jews, [162].
Bible, the, ancient Russo-Jewish commentaries on, [28];
customs of (according to Elijah Vilna), [74];
the Biur on, [81], [82];
Mendelssohn's translation, [105], [131], [193], [203]
translated into Russian, [239], [252].
Bibleitsy (Dukhovnoye Bibleyskoye Bratstvo), [247-248].
Bielski, on Jewish proselytes, [27].
Bilu Society, [286].
Biur, commentary, collaborators on, [81];
welcomed, [82];
banned, [132];
studied, [193];
referred to, [265].
Blood-accusation, [59], [115], [145], [155], [208], [213], [229], [253], [275-276].
Bogdanovich, Judah, merchant, [22].
Bokhara, [127], [271].
Bolingbroke, quoted, [215].
Bompi, Issachar, bibliophile, [166-167], [200].
Bone Zion Society, [286-287].
[Book of Common Prayer], old translation of, [30];
suggested changes in, [175];
new Russian translation, [239], [252].
Brafmann, Jacob, delator, [254].
Bratzlav, [53-54].
Brest-Litovsk, Jewish community in, [20];
granted privileges, [21];
Talmudists of, [34];
persecution of Hasidim in, [76];
Haskalah in, [105], [166], [200].
Brody, [195].
Buchner's Der Talmud in seiner Nichtigkeit, [146].
Buckle, on Russian civilization, [190];
referred to, [245].
Buduchnost, [286].
Byelostok, [113], [199], [201], [294].

Calvinism, in Poland, [56].
Cantonists, [138-139], [142], [171], [225].
Carlyle, quoted, [88], [109].
Caro, Joseph Hayyim, rabbi, [200].
Casal, Jonas, physician, [39].
Casimir IV, Jews under, [26], [253].
Catherine II, favors the Jews, [110-111], [112], [147], [249].
Chamisso, on "the Glusker Maggid," [132], [302].
Chaucer on "beggar students," [48].
Chazanowicz, Joseph, Zionist, [291].
Chernichevsky's What to Do, [257].
Chernigov, Isaac of, Talmudist, [29].
Chernyshev, Governor-General, proclaims religious liberty, [110].
Chiarini, Abbé Luigi, anti-Talmudist, [145], [146].
Chmielnicki, Cossack hetman, [48], [52], [53], [54], [58], [64], [77], [149].
Chozi Kokos, statesman, [23], [55].
Chufut-Kale (Rock of the Jews), [19].
Clement VIII, pope, [72].
Clement XIV, pope, [253].
Clermont-Tonnerre, on Zalkind Hurwitz, [93].
Coën, Moses, court physician and statesman, [40-41].
Cohen, Shalom, litterateur, [99].
Cohn, Tobias, physician, [41-42];
on Polish Jews, [64];
referred to, [101], [298].
Coins, with Hebrew inscriptions, [21].
Colonists, under Nicholas I, [140-144], [160];
under Alexander II, [228];
in America, [283];
in Palestine, [283], [286-289].
Commendoni, on Lithuanian Jews, [24].
Converts to Christianity, [25], [26], [64], [130], [136], [139], [146], [168], [177-178], [248], [254], [260], [270-273], [278-279], [303].
Cossacks, Jews as, [23-24].
Costume, Jewish, origin of, [115];
opposition of Maskilim to, [166], [175];
Friedländer opposes, [170];
enforced change of, by Government, [179];
in Courland, [194].
Council of the Four Countries, [44], [208].
Courland, Jews admitted into, [111];
annexed to Russia, [113];
taxes in, [129];
colonists from, [140];
stronghold of Haskalah, [193-194].
Cracow, [27], [78].
Crémieux, Adolphe, statesman, [154], [175].
Crimea, the, [19], [23].
Crusades, the, [18], [52].
Cyril, apostle to Slavonians, [28].
Czacki, Tadeusz, Polish historian, defends Jews, [114];
praises them, [115].
Czartorisky, Prince, and the Polish Jews, [94], [116].
Czatzskes, Baruch, translator, [124].

Dainov, Zebi Hirsh, "the Slutsker Maggid," [246].
Damascus Affair, the, [155], [208].
Danzig's Hayye Adam, [147].
Darshan, Moses Isaac, "the Khelmer Maggid," [280].
Dead Souls, by Gogol, [257].
Delacrut, philosopher, [37].
Delitzsch, on Dubno, [81];
on Hebrew poetry, [98];
on Satanov, [99].
Delmedigo, Joseph, physician, [24].
Derek Selulah, by Temkin, [146].
Diakov, on Russian Jews, [162], [318] ([n. 1]).
Dillon, Eliezer, financier, [118], [125].
Dob Bär, biographer of Besht, [123].
Dolitzky, Menahem Mendel, poet, [98], [243].
Dos Polische Yingel, by Linetzky, [242], [244].
Dostrzegacz Nadvisyansky, [196].
Dubno, [65], [200].
Dubno, Solomon, grammarian, [81-82], [98], [105].
Dubnow, Simon, historian, [17].
Dyerzhavin's Mnyenie, [118].

Edels, Samuel (Maharsha), Talmudist, [72].
Efes Dammim, by Levinsohn, [208], [213].
Efrusi, Hayyim, communal worker, [165].
Eger, Akiba, rabbi, [149].
Eisenmenger's Entdecktes Judenthum, [146].
Eishishki, antiquity of, [20].
Eliasberg, Jonathan, rabbi, [288].
Eliasberg, Mordecai, rabbi, [288].
Elijah Gaon, [70-76];
his curriculum of study, [73], [74];
his appreciation of science and influence on Haskalah, [74], [75];
reputed to be the author of Sefer ha-Berit, [102];
his disciples, [119-121], [126], [150];
his biography, Ascension of Elijah, [134];
referred to, [164], [197], [201], [212], [220].
Eliot, George, on Maimon's Autobiography, [88];
referred to, [297].
Elizabeta Petrovna, [57], [135], [195].
Emden, Jacob, Talmudist, [78], [91], [94], [197].
England, Russian Jews in, [29], [93-96], [109];
sympathy of, [154-157], [270].
Entdecktes Judenthum, by Eisenmenger, [146].
Erter, Isaac, satirist, [205], [217].
Esterka, Polish Jewish queen (?), [22].
Euclid, in Hebrew, [105].
Exportation Law of 1843, [152-154], [179].
Eybeschütz, Jonathan, Talmudist, [64], [78].

Falk, Hayyim Samuel Jacob, Baal Shem, [93-94].
Fathers and Sons, by Turgenief, [257].
Finkel, Elijah, educator, [164].
[Folk Songs], [137-138], [141], [161], [232], [316] (n. [36]), [320] (n. [19]).
See also [Lullabies].
France, Russian Jews in, [29], [92-93], [96], [109], [298], [300-301].
Franco-Russian war, [116-117], [204].
Frank, physician, [91], [127].
Frank, Jacob (Yankev Leibovich), founder of the Frankists, [64-65], [66], [69], [104], [131].
"Freitisch," [47], [151].
Friedländer, David, scholar and philanthropist, referred to, [105], [237];
on the improvement of Jews in Poland, [169-170].
Frug, Simon, poet, [290], [297].
Fünn, Joseph, historian, [106], [203].

Gaden, Stephen von, court physician and statesman, [40].
[Galicia, Haskalah in], [12], [321] (n. [25]);
Hasidism in, [69];
referred to, [163], [195], [205], [291].
See also [Austria].
Germany, Haskalah in, [12];
emigration from, [30];
Russo-Polish rabbis in, [33-34];
Russo-Jewish Maskilim in, [77-91], [104], [106];
Hebrew poetry of, [97-98];
object of Maskilim in, [99-100], [107];
Haskalah encouraged by the Government, [102];
by Jewish financiers, [237];
opposition to Haskalah in, [105-106], [131-133], [188];
state of Judaism in, [168-169];
reason for speedy Germanization of Jews in, [191];
Jewish science in, [219];
influence of, on Russian Maskilim, [192-198];
a place of refuge, [252];
restrictions against refugees in, [298-299], [301].
Gibbon, Edward, referred to, [24].
Ginzberg, Asher (Ahad Ha-'Am), and Haskalah, [13].
Glückel von Hameln's Memoirs, [33].
"Glusker Maggid, the," [132], [302].
Goethe on Maimon, [89]:
on Behr, [90];
referred to, [189], [192].
Gogol's Jewish traitor, [224];
influence of his Dead Souls, [257].
Gordin, Jacob, ethical culturist, [247].
Gordon, David, litterateur, [284].
Gordon, J.L., and Haskalah, referred to, [13], [252], [261];
poetry of, [98];
and Levinsohn, [212];
on the new era, [232];
attacks the Talmud, [243];
laments the effect of Haskalah, [260];
on Zionism, [290].
Gordon, Jekuthiel, scientist, [92].
Gottlober, Abraham Bär, on Hasidism, [69];
on Luria, [168];
and Levinsohn, [212];
on Russification, [231];
defends Mendelssohn, [265].
Graetz, on Maimon, [83];
on Slavonic Jews, [103].
Granovsky, on Jewish emancipation, [228].
Grazhdanin, [253], [302].
Gregory X, pope, [253].
Grodno, Jewish community in, [20];
a Talmudic centre, [32], [34];
scene of martyrdom, [57];
persecution of Hasidim in, [76];
Talmud published in, [148-149];
Maskilim, [201].
Guizolfi, Zacharias de, statesman, [23], [55], [306] (n. [12]).
Günzberg, Benjamin Wolf, student, [91].
Günzburg, Horace, financier, [237].
Günzburg, Joseph Yosel, financier, [237].
Günzburg, Mordecai Aaron, [13], [204], [225];
his life, [213-221];
on Minhagim, [215];
his impress on Hebrew literature, [217-219];
his Abi'ezer, [220].
Gurovich, Marcus, educator, [228].

HaBad, reform sect of Hasidim, [122].
Ha-Boker Or, [265].
Ha-Emet, [256].
Haggadah shel Pesah, Russian translation of, [239].
Haidamacks, [59], [269].
Hakohen, Ephraim, rabbi, [34].
Hakohen, Joseph, rabbi, [19], [195].
Hakohen, Raphael, rabbi, [78].
Ha-Maggid, [284].
Ha-Meliz, [242], [286], [288].
Hannover, Nathan, his Safah Berurah, [39];
his Yeven Mezulah, quotation from, [48-49].
Harkavy, Abraham, Orientalist, [17], [29], [203].
Ha-Shahar, [242], [261-262], [265], [267].
Hasidim, [65];
their teachings, [66], [67], [150];
spread, [69];
persecuted by the Mitnaggedim, [76], [131];
efforts at reconciliation with Mitnaggedim, [120-121], [260];
reformed, [122];
united with Mitnaggedim against Haskalah, [134];
fought by Maskilim, [168].
Haskalah, definitions of, [12-13];
writers on, [14];
regarded differently in Germany and Russia, [103-108], [131];
opposition to, [132-150], [185-188];
in the "forties," [164-197];
influence of Germany on, [191-199];
in Galicia, [205];
Levinsohn's advice on, [212];
Günzburg's opinion of, [216];
spreads under Alexander II, [230-248];
disappointments of, [232-234];
and Reform Judaism, [242-248];
cosmopolitan, [255-257];
romantic and pessimistic, [278-281];
Zionistic, [283-291].
Ha-Toëh be-Darke ha-Hayyim, [266], [267].
Hattot Ne'urim, [232-234].
Hayye Adam, by Danzig, [147].
Ha-Zefirah, [286].
Hebrew literature: style, [96], [97], [217-218];
poetry, [98];
Reform Judaism in, [242-248];
necessity of (Smolenskin), [264].
Heder, [46], [184].
Hegel, [86], [192].
Heilprin, Joseph, financier, [175].
Heine, referred to, [297];
on Polish Jews, [314] (n. [43]).
Helena, Princess, proselyte, [26].
Heller, Yom-Tob Lipman, rabbi, [37].
Herz, Marcus, disciple of Kant, [85].
Herzl, Theodore, Zionist, [263], [281], [283].
Hillul Society, [286].
Hirsch, Baron de, [277].
Hizzuk Emunah, Voltaire's opinion on, [37].
Hobebe Zion, [285], [286].
Horn, Meïr, educator, [164].
Horowitz, Isaiah, Cabbalist, [33].
Horowitz, Phinehas, rabbi, [78].
Horowitz, Shabbataï, rabbi, [34].
Horowitz, Shmelke, rabbi, [78].
Horwitz, Aaron Halevi, rabbi, [78].
Hurwitz, Hirsh, educator, [164].
Hurwitz, Hyman, professor, [95].
Hurwitz, Judah Halevi, translator, [92], [105], [121], [123], [125], [134].
[Hurwitz], Phinehas Elijah, encyclopedist, [101-103], [214].
Hurwitz, Zalkind, champion of Jewish rights in France, [92-93].
Huss, influence of, in Poland, [26].
Hut ha-Meshullash, by Kohn, [244].

Ibn Ezra, Abraham, commentaries on his works, [30], [106].
Ignatiev, Nicholas, [268].
'Illuyim, [47].
Ilye, Manasseh of, Talmudist, [120-121], [125], [132], [134].
Information about the Killing of Christians, etc., by Skripitzyii, [229].
Innocent IV, pope, [253].
Inventions, [201-202].
Israelit, Asher, Maggid, [280].
Israelita, Polish weekly, [247].
Isserles, Moses, rabbi, [50], [78].
Italy, a place of attraction for Russian Jews, [37], [40], [91-92], [126], [165].
Ivan the Terrible, [55-56], [152].