The Haskalah Movement in Russia

by Jacob S. Raisin

Jacob Isaac, court physician, [39].
Jaffe, Daniel, scholar, [90].
Jaffe, Mordecai (Lebushim), Talmudist, [37], [61], [105].
Jastrow, Marcus, rabbi, [159], [246].
Jekuthiel, Solomon, financier, [204].
Jerusalem, by Mendelssohn, [209].
Jerusalem, pilgrimage to, [65].
Jesuits, in Poland, [54], [58].
Joffe, Mordecai, rabbi, [288].
Joseph ben Isaac Levi, philosopher, [38].
Josephovich, Abraham, statesman, [21-22].
Josephovich, Michael, nobleman, [21-22].
Judah Halevi, poet and philosopher, [28], [98], [106], [284].
Judah Hasid, mystic, founder of the original Hasidim, [65].
Judaizing heresy. See [Proselytism].
Judex Judaeorum, [44].
Jüdischer Arbeiter, Der, [293].

Kab ha-Yashar, referred to, [63].
Kadimah Society, [285].
Kahal, [44];
oppression by, [61];
denunciation of, [254].
Kalisz, antiquity of, [20].
Kamenetz-Podolsk, antiquity of, [41].
Kant, favorite with Maskilim, [79], [192];
on Maimon, [85], [88], [89];
referred to, [189].
Kant, the Hebrew, [106].
Kaplan, Wolf, educator, [225].
Karaites, discussions with Rabbanites, [36];
with Christians, [37];
Nicholas I on, [136].
Katkoff, defends Jews under Alexander II, [225];
becomes a reactionary under Alexander III, [269].
Kattowitz, conference of, [285].
Katz, Meir, Talmudist, [61].
Katzenellenbogen, Hayyim, Talmudist, [40].
Katzenellenbogen, Moses, [40].
Kaufman, Governor-General, convokes conference, [255].
Kertch, Archbishop of, tries to convert Jews, [25].
Kharkov, [286].
Khazars, [18], [20], [25].
Khelm, antiquity of, [20].
Khelm, Ephraim of, liturgist, [35].
Kherson, [28], [142], [144], [160], [292].
Kiev, early settlement of Jews in, [19-20];
their influence, [23];
proselytism in, [25];
Talmudists of, [29], [31];
University of, [126];
expulsions from, [153];
referred to, [200], [226], [227], [275].
Kishinev, [154], [164], [185], [248], [276].
Kissilyef, on emigration, [158].
Klaczke, G., educator, [166].
Kniga Kahala, [254-255].
Kobrin, Joseph of, liturgist, [35].
Kohen, Naphtali, rabbi, [34].
Kohen, Shabbataï, rabbi and historian, [35-36].
Kohn's Hut ha-Meshullash, [244].
Kol Mebasser, [242].
Königsberg, [33], [79], [90], [120], [126], [132].
Kontrabandisti, by Levin, [303].
Körner, on Maimon, [89].
Korobka, [129].
Korolenko's Skazanye O Florye Rimlyaninye, [302].
Kovno, Government of, [20];
city of, [21];
Talmudists of, [34];
Maskilim in, [201], [246];
Mussarnikes in, [280];
referred to, [288], [294].
Kramsztyk, Isaac, rabbi, [247].
Krochmal, Nahman, philosopher, [205].
Krüdener, Baroness, [127], [129], [251].
Kruzhevan, [276].
Kryloff, [175], [189].
Kuritzin, Theodore, proselyte, [26].
Kusselyevsky, physician, [127].

Ladi, Shneor Zalman of, [116], [122-123].
Landau, Ezekiel, rabbi, [78], [133].
Landau, Moses, educator, [164].
Lassalle, [257], [293], [297].
Lebensohn, Abraham Dob Bar, poet, [98], [212], [244].
Leczeka, Abba, "the Glusker Maggid," [132], [302].
Leibnitz, [79], [88].
Leibov, Baruch, martyr, [57].
Lemberg, court of, [44];
fair at, [49].
Leo, the court physician, [23], [39], [55].
Lermontoff's spy, [224].
Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole, on Maimon, [130];
on university restrictions, [276-277];
referred to, [303].
Lessing, Ephraim, on Israel Zamoscz, [77];
on Behr, [90];
referred to, [192].
Letteris, Meïr Halevi, poet, [205].
Letzte Nachrichten, [293].
Levanda, Lyev, novelist, [203], [279].
Levin, Judah, merchant, [204].
Levin, Mendel, Hebrew and Yiddish author, [99-101], [116], [119], [195], [217].
Levin's Kontrabandisti, [303].
Levinsohn, I.B., and Haskalah, [13];
on the settlement of Jews in Russia, [18];
on the effect of Chmielnicki's massacres, [52];
his life, [204-213];
Te'udah be-Yisraël, [205-207], [209], [210], [221];
Efes Dammim, [208], [213];
Bet Yehudah, [209-210];
Zerubbabel, [210-211], [213];
referred to, [219-220].
Liboschüts, Jacob, physician and philanthropist, [91].
Liboschüts, Osip Yakovlevich, court physician, [126].
Lichtenstadt, Moses, communal worker, [165].
Lieberman, Aaron ("Arthur Freeman"), socialist, [256].
Lieven, Prince Emanuel, [209].
Lilien, Ephraim Moses, artist, [291].
Lilienblum, Moses Löb, skeptic, [232-234];
attacks the Talmud, [242];
repentant, [279];
Zionist, [289-290].
Lilienthal, Max, referred to, [14], [117], [151], [164], [183], [277];
opens school in Riga, [165], [170];
his personality, [171-172];
his Maggid Yeshu'ah and his efforts in behalf of Russian Jews, [174-176];
his disillusionment, [177-180];
his opinion on Russia, [179];
how regarded by Maskilim, [172-173], [180-181];
on the Jews of Courland, [194];
on the Jews of Odessa, [196];
his supporters, [198-199], [200];
Günzburg on, [216].
Linetzky's Dos Polische Yingel, [242], [244].
"Lishmah" ideal, [107].
Lithuania, Magna Charta of, [21];
Jewish merchants of, [22];
description by Cardinal Commendoni and by Delmedigo, [24];
Talmudic centre, [31-35];
status of Jews of, under Ivan the Terrible, [55];
after the massacres, [60];
opposition to Hasidism in, [65], [69];
method of study in, [71-72];
inclination to Haskalah in, [105-109];
annexed to Russia, [113];
Russified, [124-125];
colonization in, [143-144], [159];
Talmud published in, [148-149];
referred to, [195].
Litvack, Judah, deputy, [93].
Livonia, Jewish merchants of, [22];
Gentiles remonstrate on behalf of Jews of, [57];
stronghold of Haskalah, [193-194].
Loewe, Louis, Orientalist, quoted, [155], [199].
London, [94], [126], [129].
Louis XIV, and the Treaty of Ryswick, [22].
Lover of Enlightenment societies, [165].
Lublin, [31], [34], [40];
fair at, [49];
Haskalah in, [105].
Lublin, Meïr (Maharam), Talmudist, [72].
Lukas, "the little Jew," [25].
[Lullabies], Russo-Jewish, quoted, [46], [309] (n. [39]).
See also [Folk Songs].
Luria, David, philanthropist, [166], [168], [203].
Luria, Solomon, Talmudist, [40];
censures the liberality of Isserles, [50];
opposes the kahal, [61];
his method of study, [72].
Luther's doctrines in Poland, [26].
Luzzatto, Moses Hayyim, poet, [92].
Lyons, Israel, grammarian, [95].

Ma'aseh Tobiah, [42].
Macaulay, on Russian civilization, [310] (n. [6]).
McCaul's Old Paths, [146], [211].
Maggid Yeshu'ah, by Lilienthal, [174-176].
Maimon, Solomon, [81-89];
quoted, [31], [60], [106];
Autobiography, [83], [88];
his philosophy, [84-87];
his contributions to the Meassef, [98];
referred to, [108], [130], [132], [192], [298].
Maimuni, commentators on his Moreh Nebukim, [38], [84], [89];
retranslated by Levin, [100];
his Mishneh Torah, translated, [186], [200];
his Hebrew style, [97].
Malak, Abraham, Hasid, [122].
Malak, Hayyim, Hasid, [65].
Manasseh ben Israel, [32];
his Nishmat Hayyim, [63];
his activity, [96].
Mandelkern, Solomon, rabbi, [203], [246].
Mandelstamm, Benjamin, on Lilienthal, [173];
quoted, [186];
on Vilna, [198];
and Levinsohn, [212].
Mandelstamm, Leon, graduate from University of St. Petersburg, [186], [200], [252].
Mane, Mordecai Zebi, poet, [98].
Mann, Eliezer, "the Hebrew Socrates," [38].
Mann, Menahem, martyr, [27].
Manoah, Handel, mathematician, [38].
Mapu, Abraham, novelist, [244-245].
Margolioth, Judah Löb, rabbi, [105], [125].
Markusevich, Isaac, physician, [127].
Marx, Karl, his teachings promulgated, [256];
his name assumed, [257].
Masliansky, Zebi Hirsh, Maggid, [280].
May laws, [270-275].
Meassef, contributors to, [98-100];
condemned, [132];
referred to, [265].
Megillah 'Afah, [36].
Meisels, Berish, rabbi, [246].
Melammedim, in Germany, [35], [78], [80];
in Russia, [47], [294].
Memorbuch of Mayence, [29].
Mendelssohn, Meyer, communal worker, [140].
Mendelssohn, Moses (Rambman, "Dessauer"), appealed to by Mitnaggedim, [75];
his contact with Russiam Jews, [76-78];
his friends and followers, [81-90], [135];
his philosophy, [88];
referred to, [92];
presumed to be author of Sefer ha-Berit, [102];
his translation of the Pentateuch, [78], [81], [105], [132], [133], [203];
post-Mendelssohnian period in Germany, [168];
in Russia, [192], [193];
his Jerusalem, [209];
his Phaedon, [214];
Alexander I's ideal Jew, [128];
the "Russian Mendelssohn," [213];
Smolenskin and Gottlober on, [265].
Mendlin, Jacob Wolf, socialist, [293].
Meseritz, Bär of, promoter of Hasidism, [65].
Midrash Talpiyot, [63].
Mielziner, Leo, on Zionist artists, [291].
Mikhailovich, Czar Aleksey, [40].
Milman, on Maimon's Autobiography, [88].
Minhagim, according to Elijah Vilna, [73-74];
according to M.A. Günzburg, [215].
Minor, Solomon Zalkind, "the Russian Jellinek," [235], [236].
Minsk, [21];
Talmudists of, [34],
persecution of Hasidim in, [76];
schools in, [166-167], [292];
reception of Lilienthal in, [172], [173];
Maskilim of, [200], [201-235], [246];
referred to, [292], [293].
Mirabeau's reference to Hurwitz, [92].
Mitau, [123], [216].
Mitauer, Elias, communal worker, [140].
Mitnaggedim, opposition to Hasidism, [70], [131];
efforts of, at reconciliation with Hasidim, [120-121];
make common cause with Hasidim against Maskilim, [134], [260].
Mnyenie, by Dyerzhavin, [118].
Mohilev, [31], [104], [119], [128], [202].
Moldavia, [40-41].
Molo, Francisco, economist, [22].
Montefiore, Sir Moses, visits Russia, [155-157];
invited to Russia, [175];
entertained, [200];
visit of 1872 to Russia, [230];
on the pogroms, [270];
on Russo-Jewish women, [299].
Morgulis, Manasseh, litterateur, [14], [187-188].
Morschtyn, George, proselyte (?), [26].
Mosaïde, by Wessely, [98].
Moscow, proselytism in, [25], [26];
expulsions from, [56], [153], [271];
Jews admitted to, [111];
converts in, [177];
Russification in, [240];
restrictions in the University of, [274], [276];
referred to, [291].
Moses, martyr, [57].
Mussarnikes, [280].
Muzhiks, emancipation of, [222-223];
education of, [236-237];
restlessness of, [249-250];
socialism among, [257].
Mylich, George Gottfried, Lutheran champion of Jewish rights, [113-114].

Nachlass, Wolf, Cantonist, [139].
Napoleon, convokes the Sanhedrin, [93];
his invasion of Russia, [112], [113];
his defeat, [115-117], [128];
on Vilna, [197].
Narodnaya Volya Society, [257], [278].
Narodniki, [236-237].
Nazimov, Governor-General, champion of Jews, [201], [225].
Nebakhovich, Alexander, theatrical director, [201].
Nebakhovich, Leon (Löb), first defender of Russian Jews in Russian, [114], [125], [130];
dramatist, [189].
Nebakhovich, Michael, editor of comic paper, [201].
Nemirov, [59].
Nemirov, Jehiel Michael of, scholar, [35].
Nestor's Chronicles, [20].
Nicholas I, referred to, [104], [202], [222], [229], [246], [249], [253], [260], [268], [284];
his policy, [135-160];
his recruiting, [135-139];
his colonization scheme, [140-143];
attempts at conversion of Jews, [144-147], [188];
his Exportation Law, [152-154];
his accusations refuted, [162-164];
investigates number of learned Jews, [167], [168], [198];
outwitted, [184];
on Jews of Odessa, [196].
Nicholas II, referred to, [80], [192];
persecution of Jews under, [275-277].
Nieszvicz, [82], [114], [118], [127], [197].
Nisanovich, Itshe, physician, [39].
Nishmat Hayyim, by Manasseh ben Israel, [63].
Noah, Mordecai Manuel, statesman, [284].
Nomenclature, Russo-Jewish, [30].
Notkin, Nathan, diplomat and philanthropist, [118], [125].
Novgorod, [25], [139], [271].
Novy Israil Society, [248].

Odessa, schools in, [164], [185];
Lilienthal in, [176];
Jewish influences in, [194-197];
Talmud Torah of, [226];
Haskalah in, [233-235];
Russification of, [240], [246], [255];
assimilation in, [248];
pogromy in, [253];
referred to, [251], [292], [294], [295], [296];
Jewish women of, [299-300].
'Olam Katan, [297].
Old Paths, by McCaul, [146], [211].
Ostrog, [44], [206].

Pale, the Jewish, [188], [199], [271], [274].
Palestine, rehabilitation of, [13];
settlers from, in Russia, [18], [27];
longing for, [153], [283];
Smolenskin on, [263-264].
Parlovich, Arthur, physician, [126].
Patapov, Governor-General, convokes a conference, [259].
Paul I, [62], [111], [112].
Paul III, pope, [253].
Pechersky, St. Feodosi, [25].
Peretz, Abraham, diplomat, [118], [125], [130].
Peretz, Gregori, Dekabrist, [192], [249], [284].
Perl, Joseph, educator, [163], [164], [205].
Perl, S., educator, [166].
Persia, immigrants from, [19].
Peter the Great, conquers the Tatars, [54];
his attempts to civilize Russia, [56];
surrender of Riga to, [123].
Phaedon, by Mendelssohn, [214].
Philippson, Ludwig, rabbi, [154], [158], [175].
Phillips, Phinehas, founder of the Anglo-Jewish family, [94].
Pinczows, the, scholars, [104-105].
Pinner, Ephraim Moses, Talmudist, [145].
Pinsk, [76], [197], [202], [242].
Pinsker, Leo, nationalist, [263], [281-283].
Pinsker, Simhah, scholar, [108-109], [164], [195].
Pirogov, Nikolai Ivanovich, liberal school superintendent, [226-228].
Plehve, von, on restrictions, [302].
Plungian, Ezekiel Feiyel, Talmudist, [119], [203].
Pobyedonostsev, influences Alexander II, [250-251];
procurator of the Holy Synod, [269];
his policy regarding Jews, [270];
on Jewish superiority, [273].
Podolia, [60], [64], [69], [162], [195], [277].
Pogodin, on early Russian Jews, [19].
Pogromy, [253], [269-270].
Poimaniki, [136-138], [152], [162], [184].
Poimshchiki, [137].
Polack, Jacob, Talmudist, [72], [104].
Poland, early settlement of Jews in, [20];
political eminence of, [22-23];
proselytism in, [26];
after Chmielnicki's massacres, [53-55];
influence of Calvinism in, [56-57];
during the rozbior, [58];
after the annexation, [113];
Jewish loyalty to, [115-116];
under Nicholas I, [158-159];
use of Polish in, [196];
sympathy with, and adoption of language of, [246-247].
Polonnoy, Jacob Joseph of, follower of Besht, [65];
his Toledot Ya'akob Yosef burnt in Vilna, [76];
mentioned, [122], [132].
Polotsk, [55], [95].
Poltava, [200], [239], [300].
Popes, [72], [253].
Posner, Solomon, philanthropist, [143-144].
Pototzki, Count Valentine, proselyte, [27].
Prayer book. See [Book of Common Prayer].
Prelooker, Jacob, [241-242], [248].
Printing-press, permission to establish, [110];
first publications from, [124];
restrictions removed from use of, [230].
Prochovnik, Abraham, Jewish king of Poland (?), [22].
[Proselytism], [18], [20], [24-28].
Public schools, admission of Jews to, [111], [118], [125];
exclusion of Jews from, [273-275].
Pumpyansky, Aaron Elijah, rabbi, [203], [246].
Pushkin's prisoner, [224].

Querido, Jacob, mystic, [64].

Rabbinical seminaries, [144-145], [165], [170], [173], [182], [196], [202-203].
Rabbis, position of, in Russo-Poland, [44-45];
required to know Russian, German, or Polish, [125];
opposed by Maskilim, [173];
Lilienthal on, [174], [181];
Günzburg on, [216-217];
dukhovny and kazyony, [295-296].
Rabinovich, Osip, litterateur, [201], [238], [243].
Rabinowitz, Joseph, assimilationist, [248].
Rachmailovich, Affras, merchant, [22].
Radziwill, Prince, [24], [39], [62].
Rapoport, Solomon Löb, rabbi, [205].
Rasiner, Israel, zaddik, [211].
Raskolniki, [248].
Rathaus, Abraham, merchant, [200].
Razsvyet, [238], [243-244], [286].
Reform Judaism, and the Haskalah, [242-248];
sermons in Russian, [246];
Smolenskin on, [264-265].
Reform synagogues, in Odessa, [196];
in Warsaw, [197];
in Vilna, [198].
Reines, Isaac Jacob, rabbi, [295].
Reis, Joseph, grandfather of Wessely, [77].
Revolutionaries, [192], [248-251], [255-258].
Riesser, Gabriel, champion of Jewish emancipation, [78].
Riga, [123], [164], [170], [180], [185], [195], [197], [225], [246], [271].
Risenci, Jonathan of, rabbi, [104].
Rivkes, Moses, commentator, [34].
Romm, Menahem Mann, publisher, [148-149].
Rosensohn, Joseph, rabbi, [127].
Rosensohn, Moses, reformer, [247].
Rosenthal, Leon, financier, [200], [237-238].
Rothschild, Baron Edmund de, [288].
Rurik, Varangian prince, [19].
Russia, Haskalah in, contrasted with Haskalah in Galicia and Germany, [12];
arrival of German Jews in, [18];
antiquity of Jews in, [19];
privileges of Jews in, [21];
Jewish envoys to, [22];
mentioned by medieval scholars, [28-29];
Sefardim and Ashkenazim resort to, [33-34];
scientists in, [37-39];
physicians in, [39-42];
status of Jews of, before Chmielnicki's uprising, [42-45];
Jewish self-government, school system, and mode of living in, [45-52];
under Ivan the Terrible, [55-56];
under Peter the Great, [56];
under Elizabeta Petrovna, [57];
state of civilization of, [60], [107];
favorable conditions in, under Catherine II, Paul I, and Alexander I, [110-128];
Jewish patriotism toward, under Alexander I, [117];
Russification of Jews of, [124-125];
opposition to Haskalah in, [133] f.;
Jewish colonization in, [140-144];
crusade against the Talmud in, [145-147];
opinions of prominent Gentiles on Jews of, [162], [224-225];
literature and civilization of, under Nicholas I, [189-190];
under Alexander II, [222-226];
Jewish contribution to civilization of, [201-202], [255];
sermons in, [246];
defenders of Jews in, [302-303];
Macaulay on civilization of, [310] (n. [6]).

Sack, Hayyim, financier, [200].
Sackheim, Joseph, merchant, [200].
Safah Berurah, by Hannover, [39].
St. Petersburg, Imperial Hermitage in, [19];
scene of martyrdom, [57];
referred to, [91], [104], [267], [276], [286], [300];
Jews permitted in, [111], [117], [126];
expelled from, [128], [153], [271];
deputation to, [129];
rabbinical conferences, [151], [173], [174-176], [230];
converts in, [177];
first graduate of University of, [200];
restriction of students in, [274];
Russification in, [240];
revolutionaries at, [258].
Salanter, Israel, rabbi, [241].
Samuel ben Avigdor, rabbi, [79].
Samuel ben Mattathias, Talmudist, [40].
Sanchez, Antonio Ribeiro, physician, [57].
Sanhedrin, the, and French Russian Jews, [93].
Satanov, Isaac Halevi, litterateur, [99], [217].
Schapira, Moses, publisher, [148].
Schapiro, Constantin, poet, [98].
Schechter, Solomon, on Hasidism, [69].
Schick, Baruch (Shklover), scientist, [94], [96], [105-106], [119], [125].
Schiller, on Maimon, [89];
referred to, [192].
Schools, secular, [163-165], [182-185], [195-196], [227-228], [229], [235], [239], [253], [273-274], [276-277], [290-292], [297].
Sefer ha-Berit, [102].
Seiberling, Joseph, censor of Hebrew books, [200].
Shabbataï Zebi, pseudo-Messiah, [64], [69].
Shalkovich, Abraham Lob (Ben Avigdor), [296].
Shatzkes' Ha-Mafteah, [244].
Shavli, Moses of, writer of polemics, [36].
Shibhe ha-Besht, [123], [134].
Shklov, [105], [124].
Shkud, Mikel of, rabbi, [61].
Shneersohn, Menahem Mendel, zaddik, [175], [176].
Shmoilovich, Abraham, merchant, [22].
Shulhan 'Aruk, commentators on, [34], [36];
its effect on Jewish life, [73];
Elijah Vilna on, [74];
criticism of, [123];
annotations to, [127];
referred to, [215].
Siberia, [140-143], [160].
Sin'at 'Olam le-'Am 'Olam, [280-281].
Sixtus V, pope, [72].
Skazanye O Florye Rimlyaninye, by Korolenko, [302].
Skripitzyn's Information about the Killing of Christians, etc., [229].
Slonim, Samson of, rabbi, [106].
Slonimsky, Hayyim Selig, inventor and editor, [199], [200], [201-202], [203].
Slutsk, [76], [105], [202].
"Slutsker Maggid, the," [246].
Smolensk, [21], [162].
Smolenskin, Perez, and Haskalah, [13];
his descriptions of the heder and yeshibah, [50], [266];
his life, [261-267];
his conception of Haskalah, [261];
on nationalism, [262-263], [284];
on reformers, [264-265];
attacks Mendelssohn, [265];
on the prophetic consciousness of the Jewish masses, [266-267];
his popularity, [267];
organizes the Kadimah, [285];
opposes the Alliance Israélite Universelle, [285].
Sobieski, John, [39].
Society for the Promotion of Haskalah among the Russian Jews, [237-239], [246], [252], [291-292].
Sofer, Moses, rabbi, [133].
Sofer, Shabbataï, rabbi, [36].
Sokolov, Nahum, publicist, [280].
Sosima, monkish proselyte, [26].
Spector, Isaac Elhanan, rabbi, [288].
Speir, Bima, of Mohilev, opponent of Frank, [104].
Spinoza and Maimon compared, [86], [88].
Stern, Abraham Jacob, inventor, [201].
Stern, Bezalel (Basilius), pedagogue, [164], [165], [175], [176].
Strashun, Mattathias, Talmudist, [203].
Surovyetsky, on Russian Jews, [162], [318] (n. [1]).
Switzerland, [257], [298], [299], [300].