An Introduction to the History of Western Europe

by James Harvey Robinson

Stephens, The French Revolution, 3 volumes (Charles Scribner's Sons, $7.50).

Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History (Department of History, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Single numbers, 10 cents; double numbers, 20 cents).

Wakeman, Europe from 1598 to 1715 (The Macmillan Company, $1.40).

Walker, The Protestant Reformation (Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00).

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INDEX

Abbeys, see Monasteries.
Abbot, meaning of, [58].
Abbots chosen by feudal lords, [155].
Abelard, [268] f.
Absolute monarchy, [475] ff., [496] ff.
Acolyte, [20].
Acre taken in First Crusade, [194].
Act of Appeals, [430].
Act of Supremacy, [430].
Act of Uniformity, [491].
Adda, valley of, [471].
Address to the German Nobility, by Luther, [396] f.
Adrian VI, Pope, attempts reformation of Church, [310].
Adrianople, battle of, [25].
Æneid, copies of, in Middle Ages, [333], note.
Agincourt, battle of (1415), [292].
Agricola, Rudolph, [379].
Aids, feudal, [111], [145] and note.
Aistulf, Lombard king, [74] f.
Aix-la-Chapelle, Charlemagne's palace at, [78].
Alaric takes Rome, [26].
Albertus Magnus, [231], [260];
writes commentary on Aristotle, [272].
Albigenses, [221] f.;
crusade against, [223] f., [256].
Alchemy, [672].
Aleander's views of Protestant revolt, [399], [403].
Alemanni, [35];
attempted conversion of, by St. Columban, [65].
Alessandria built, [178].
Alexander III, Pope, [178] f.
Alexander VI, Pope (Borgia), [362], [364].
Alexander I, Tsar, [611], [620].
Alexius, Emperor, and First Crusade, [188], [191].
Alfred the Great, [133] f.
Alsace ceded to Germany, [472] f., [663] and note.
Alva, [448] ff.
Amalfi, commerce of, [243].
Ambrose, [51].
America, North, explored by English, [351].
American colonies of England, revolt of, [532] ff.
American Revolution, [533] ff.
Amiens, rupture of Treaty of, [610].
Anabaptists, [416].
Anagni, attack on Boniface VIII at, [306].
Ancien Régime, [537] ff.
Andrea del Sarto, [346].
Angelico, Fra, [343].
Angevins, see Plantagenets.
Angles, [27];
settle in Britain, [60].
Anglo-Saxon, [253].
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, [134], [253].
Anjou, [126], [301].
Anne, Queen, [524].
Antioch, Latin principality of, [193].
Antwerp, [450].
Appanages, creation of, in France, [128].
Aquinas, [231], [272].
Aquitaine, [67], [82], [93], [124], [126]. See also Guienne.
Arabia, [243].
Arabs, condition of, before Mohammed, [69];
conquests of, [70] f.;
conquer Syria, [188];
civilization of, in Spain, [356].
Aragon united with Castile, [357].
Archbishops, origin of, [21];
powers of, [203] ff.
Arches defined and illustrated, [264].
Architecture, mediæval, [262] f.;
Romanesque, [263];
Gothic, [264] f.;
domestic, [266] f.;
Renaissance, [339] f.
Aristotle, mediæval veneration for, [271] f.;
Dante's estimate of, [331].
Arius, [30].
Arles, see Burgundy.
Armada, [463].
Arnold of Brescia, [177].
Arnulf of Carinthia, [97].
Art, mediæval, [261] f.;
fostered by Italian despots, [326];
Renaissance, [339];
Arabic, [356].
Arthur, nephew of John of England, [127].
Artois, count of, [575], [630]. See Charles X of France.
Assignats, [571], [591] and note.
Astrology, [260], [672].
Astronomy, mediæval knowledge of, [331];
discoveries of Copernicus, [351];
modern, [672] f.
Athanasius, [50].
Athens, school at, closed, [33].
Attila, [27].
Augsburg, Hungarians defeated near, [150];
confession of, [417] f.;
diet of, [417] f.;
religious Peace of, [419] f., [465].
Augustine, Bishop of England, [61].
Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, [26], note, [51], [390], [393].
Augustinian order, [385], note, [387].
Austerlitz, battle of, [611].
Australia, [685] f.
Austrasia, [37], [38].
Austria, [150], [354] f.;
hold of, on Italy, [507];
conflicts with Turks, [517] f.;
war of 1809 with Napoleon, [619];
mixed population of, [632];
influence of, after 1815, [640];
revolution of 1848 in, [644] f.;
opposition of, to German unity, [651] f.;
decline of influence of, after 1851, [653] f.;
war with Prussia (1866), [660].
Austrian Mark, [150].
Austrian Netherlands, given to France, [604];
to Holland, [625].
Austrian Succession, War of, [518] ff.
Avignon, seat of papacy (1305–1377), [307] f.;
Clement VII, anti-pope, reëstablishes papal court at, [310].
Azores Islands discovered by Portuguese, [347].
Baber, [529] and note.
Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1305–1377), [307] f.
Babylonian Captivity of the Church, by Luther, [397].
Bacon, Francis, [478].
Bacon, Roger, [273], [478], [671].
Bacteria, [674].
Baden granted a constitution, [635].
Bæda, see Venerable Bede.
Bagdad, [83], note.
Baillis, established by Philip Augustus, [130].
Balance of power, [427] f., [625] f.
Baldwin, in First Crusade, [191] f.;
ruler of Jerusalem, [194].
Balliol, [279].
Banking, origin of, [246].
Bannockburn, battle of (1314), [280].
Banquet, Dante's, [331].
Baptism essential to salvation, [46];
sacrament of, [210].
Baptists, [491].
Barbarians, see Germans.
Barbarians, Laws of the, [40].
Barbarossa, Frederick, see Frederick I, Emperor.
Barebone's Parliament, [489].
Barons, War of the, [146] f.
Basel, Council of (1431–1449), [318] f.
Basil, [51].
Bastile, fall of the, [565].
Bavaria, conquered by the Franks, [37]; [65], [67], [82], [93], [98], [112];
made an electorate, [467];
in War of Austrian Succession, [518] f.;
elector of, assumes title of king, [612];
granted a constitution, [635].
Baylen, battle of, [618].
Bede, see Venerable Bede.
Bedford, duke of, [293].
"Beggars" of the Netherlands, [447].
Belgium, [627] f.;
becomes an independent kingdom, [640] f.
Belisarius overthrows the Vandal kingdom, [33].
Benedict, St., [57] f.;
Rule of, [57] f.
Benedict IX, Pope, [160].
Benedict XIII, Pope, deposed by Council of Pisa, [313];
by Council of Constance, [315].
Benedictine order, [57], note.
Beneficium, [105] f.
Berbers, [71].
Berlin, Congress of, [670].
Bible, translated into Gothic, [252];
Wycliffe's translation of, [309];
first printed, [338];
German, before Luther, [378], [405];
Luther's translation of, [405] f.;
German, for Catholics, [413];
English translation of, [431];
King James version of, [478] and note.
Bishop of Rome, not yet pope in Constantine's time, [21];
obscurity of the early, [50];
Valentinian's decree concerning, [51].
See Pope.
Bishops, origin of, [20], [67];
method of choosing, [155];
complicated position of, [156], [174];
duties, position, and importance of, [204], [206] f.
Bismarck, [657] ff., [663].
Black Death (1348–1349), [288].
Black Friars, see Dominicans.
"Black Hole" of Calcutta, [531].
Black Prince of England, at Crécy, [285];
and Poitiers, [287].
Blockade, [615] f.
Boethius, last distinguished Roman writer, [19], [31] f., [134].
Bohemia, Huss spreads Wycliffe's doctrines in, [309];
relation with Council of Basel, [318] f.;
revolts from the Hapsburgs, [466] f.;
in 1848, [646], [648].
Bohemians, Charlemagne forces, to pay tribute, [82].
Bohemond, in First Crusade, [191] f.
Boleyn, Anne, [429] f.
Bologna, study of Roman law at, [177].
Bonaparte, analysis of character of, [595] ff.
See Napoleon.
Bonaventura, head of Franciscan order, quoted, [232].
Boniface, St., apostle to the Germans, [65] f.;
anoints Pippin, [73].
Boniface VIII, Pope, struggle with Philip the Fair, [304] f.
Book of Prayer, English, [435], [458], [482], [491].
Books copied by monks, [58].
Borgia, Cæsar, hero of Machiavelli's Prince, [362].
Borgia, Pope Alexander VI, [362].
Borodino, battle of, [621].
Bosnia, [669], [670] and note.
Boso, count of Vienne, [97].
Bosworth Field, battle of, [297].
Bothwell, [459] f.
Boulogne, Napoleon's army at, [610] f.
Bourbon kings, [453], [630].
Brandenburg, electorate of, [372], [474], [515] f.
See Prussia.
Brazil, [685].
Breitenfeld, battle of, [470].
Bremen, foundation of, [81];
commerce of, [244];
member of the German empire, [604].
Bretigny, Treaty of (1360), [286] f.
Britain conquered by the Angles and Saxons, [60];
church of, yields to Roman Church, [62].
Brittany, [123].
Bruce, Robert, [279] f.
Bruges, [123], [245].
Brumaire, eighteenth, [598].
Bruni, Leonardo, estimate of importance of Greek studies, [336].
Bruno, Archbishop, [149].
Buckingham, [478].
Bulgaria, [669] f.
Bulgaria, South, [670], note.
Bulls, papal, origin of name, [204], note.
Bundesrath, [661], [666].
Burgher class, rise of, [249].
Burgundians, [30], [36];
number of, entering the empire, [39].
Burgundy, county of, [366], [471].
See also Franche-Comté.
Burgundy, duchy of, [124], [292];
alliance with England, [292] f.;
importance of, under Philip the Good and Charles the Bold, [300], [354], [417].
Burgundy, kingdom of, [38], [97], [124] and note, [153].
Burnt Njal, The Story of, [99], note.
Buttress, flying, defined and illustrated, [264] f.
Byzantium, [22], note.
Cabinet, English, [524] f.
Cadiz, [479].
Cædmon, [253].
Cæsar, drives back the Germans, [5];
conquers Britain, [60].
Cahiers, [562] f.
Calais taken by English, [285], [295].
Calcutta, [529];
"Black Hole" of, [531].
Calendar, French republican, [582] and note.
Caliph, title of, [70].
Calmar, Union of, [469].
Calonne, [556] f.;
reforms proposed by, [558] ff.
Calvin, [425] f., [452].
Calvinists, [420], [473].
Cambray, League of (1508), [365].
Campo-Formio, Treaty of, [594] f.
Canada won by the English, [530], [532], [685] f.
Canary Islands discovered by Portuguese, [347].
Canon law, [202], note;
burned by Luther, [399].
Canonical election, [155].
Canons, [207], note.
Canons and decrees of the Council of Trent, The, [440].
Canossa, [169].
Canterbury, the religious capital of England, [61];
St. Martin's at, [61];
dispute concerning Archbishop of, under John, [183].
Capet, Hugh, [121].
Capetian kings, position of early, [121] f., [124] f.
Capitularies, [87].
Carbonari, [637].
Cardinals, [162] and note, [204].
Carloman, brother of Pippin, [72].
Carlsbad Resolutions, [634] f.
Carlstadt, [407] f.
Carnot, [588].
Carolingian line in France, [120] f.
Cassiodorus, his treatises on the liberal arts and sciences, [32].
Castile, united with Aragon, [357].
Castle, mediæval, [100], [267].
Catechism, Napoleon's, [617].
Cathari, [221].
Cathedral, the mediæval, [262] f.;
of Wells, [265] f.
Catherine de' Medici, [454] f.
Catherine of Aragon, [367], [428] ff.
Catherine II of Russia, [514].
Catholic Church, early conception of, [20].
See Church, Clergy.
Catholic League of Dessau, [415].
Catholic League in Germany, [466] f.
Catholic party, formation of a, at Regensburg, [412].
Catholic reaction, [438], note.
Catholic reformation, [412] f., [437] ff.
Cavaliers, [485].
Cavour, [654].
Celibacy of the clergy, see Marriage.
Celts in Britain, [60].
Chalcedon, Act of the Council of, [51].
Châlons, battle of, [27].
Champagne, counts of, growth of possessions of, [113] f;
position of, [114] f.
Chapter, cathedral, [207].
Charlemagne, [77] ff.;
ideal of, of a great German empire, [79];
coronation of, as emperor, [83] f.;
reëstablishes the Western Empire, [84] f.;
system of government of, [86];
his farms, [86] and note;
interest of, in schools, [87] ff., [268];
disruption of empire of, [92] ff.;
collects German poems, [253];
hero of romances, [254].
Charles Martel, [38];
aids Boniface, [66], [67] ff.;
defeats the Mohammedans at Tours, [72].
Charles the Bald, [92] f., [95].
Charles the Fat, [96] f.
Charles the Simple, [96], note, [113], [121] f.
Charles V of France (1364–1380) reconquers most of English possessions in France, [287] f.
Charles VI of France, [292] f.
Charles VII of France, [293] f.
Charles VIII of France invades Italy, [360] f.
Charles IX of France, [454] ff.
Charles X of France, [630]. See also Artois, count of.
Charles the Bold of Burgundy, [300], [422].
Charles V, Emperor, [301];
possessions of, [354], [359] f.;
coronation of, [367];
wars with Francis I, [366], [415], [417];

at diet of Worms, [400];
at Augsburg, [417] f.;
attitude toward the Protestants, [438];
abdicates, [444].
Charles VI, Emperor, [518].
Charles VII, Emperor, [518] f.
Charles I of England, [478] ff.;
financial exactions of, [479], [481];
execution of, [486] f.
Charles II of England, [488], [490] ff.
Charles II of Spain, [502];
will of, [506].
Charles XII of Sweden, [513] f.
Charles Albert of Sardinia, [646], [647], [650].
Charter, French, of 1814, [629] f.
Charter, the Great, of England, [144], [146].
Charters granted to mediæval towns, [239] f.
Chemistry, [672].
Chivalry, [256] f.
Christian IV of Denmark, [467] f.
Christian missions, map of, [63].
Christianity, preparation for, in Roman Empire, [18];
promises of, [18];
pagan rites and conceptions adopted by, [19].
Christians, persecution of, [10].
Chrysoloras called to teach Greek in Florence, [336].
Church, apostolic, [19];
organization of, before Constantine, [20];
in the Theodosian Code, [21];
survives the Roman Empire, [22];
greatness of, [44];
sources of power of, [45] ff.;
attitude of, toward the civil government, [47];
begins to perform the functions of the civil government, [48];
coöperation of, with the civil government, [80], note, [81];
maintains knowledge of Latin, [87];
policy of William the Conqueror in regard to English, [138];
wealth of, [154];
lands of, feudalized, [154];
offices bought and sold, [158];
and state, [165], [303];
character and organization of mediæval, [201] ff.;
services of, to civilization, [216];
evil effects of wealth upon, [217] f.;
loses power as modern states develop, [303] f.;
reasons for influence of, in Middle Ages, [303], [370];
corruption of, [217] ff.;
during Babylonian Captivity of, [307];
in Germany, [383];
attempted reformation of, [223];
at Constance, [317];
taxation of, [307];
attempted union of, with Eastern Church, [319];
attitude of humanists toward, [335];
enthusiasm for, in Germany before Luther, [377];
discontent with, in Germany, [385];
in France before the Revolution, [541] ff.;
attacked by Voltaire, [550];
property of, confiscated by the National Assembly, [570] f.;
lands, secularization of, [603].
Church fathers, [50] f.
Cicero, humanists' estimate of, [332], [334].
Cisalpine republic, [595], [601], [602].
Cistercian order, [219].
City of God, The, Augustine's, [26], note, [78].
Civil Constitution of the Clergy, [571] f., [580], [606] f.
Civil war in England, [485] f.
Classics, Greek and Roman, neglect of, in the Middle Ages, [259], [330], [333], note;
Dante's respect for, [331];
revival of, [332] ff.;
Petrarch's enthusiasm and search for, [332] ff.
Clement V, Pope, removes seat of papacy to France, [306].
Clement VII, anti-pope, returns to Avignon, [310].
Clement VII, Pope, [412], [430].
Clergy, minor orders of, [20];
privileges of, in Theodosian Code, [21];
attitude toward civil government, [81];
lower, demoralized by simony, [159];
importance of, to civilization, [214] f.;
benefit of, [214], note;
corruption of, [217] f.;
secular, opposition of, to mendicant orders, [231];
reform of, at Regensburg, [412];
policy of Henry VIII toward, [429] ff.;
in France before the Revolution, [542];
representatives of, join third estate, [564];
Civil Constitution of, [571] f., [580], [606] f.;
non-juring, in France, [572], [579], [606].
See also Marriage.
Clericis laicos, papal bull, [304].
Clive, [531] f.
Clovis, conquests of, [35] f.;
conversion of, [35];
number of soldiers of, baptized, [39].
Cnut, king of England, [134].
Coal, use of, [676].
Code Napoléon, [607] f.
Coinage, French king's control of, [131].
Colbert, reforms of, [499] f.
Colet, [426] f.
Coligny, [455] f.
Cologne, [12], [248];
elector of, [372].
Coloni, condition of, [15] f.
Colonies, European, [527] ff., [684];
Roman, [12];
French, in North America, [527] f.;
Spanish, [684] f.
Columban, St., [65].
Columban St., Life of, [65], note.
Columbus, [350].
Comitatus, [105] f.
Comites, [67].
Commendation, [105] and note.
Commerce, development of, [199] f., [243] f.;
restrictions on, [245] f.;
in Italy, [243], [322] f.;
in France and England, [302].
Commercial war between Holland and England, [488].
Committee of Public Safety, [585], [587] f.
Common law, English, [142].
Commons, House of, [147]. See Parliament.
Commons, summoned to the French Estates General, [131];
the English, [147].
Commonwealth, England a, [487].
Commune, Paris, [586];
insurrection of, 1871, [664].
Communes, establishment of, in France in 1789, [566].
Communes, origin of, [239] f.
Communication, modern means of, [678] f., [684].
Communion under both kinds, [432] and note.
Compass, invention of, [352].
Compendiums, reliance upon, in later Roman Empire, [17];
inherited by Middle Ages, [18].
Compurgation, [41].
Concordat, between Francis I and Pope Leo X, [366], note;
of 1801, [607].
Condé, [472].
Condottieri, Italian mercenary troops, [326] f.
Confederation of the Rhine, [612] f.
Confession, [212], note.
Confession of Augsburg, [417] f.
Confirmation, sacrament of, [211].
Congregational church, [483].
Congress of Berlin, [670].
Congress of Vienna, [625] ff.
Conrad II, Emperor, [153].
Conrad III, Emperor, [173], note, [197].
Consolation of Philosophy, The, of Boethius, [19], [134].
Constance, heiress of Naples and Sicily, marries Emperor Henry VI, [180].
Constance, Peace of (1183), [179];
Council of (1414), [314].
Constantine, [21] f.
Constantine VI, [84].
Constantinople, [22] f.;
threatened by Turks, [188];
taken by the Turks, [23], [517];
Bishop of, put on an equal footing with the Bishop of Rome, [51];
during First Crusade, [191];
culture of, affects the West, [336] f.;
desire of Russia for, [668].
Constitution, first French, [576];
of the year VIII, [599];
veneration for a, in Italy, [637].
Constitutional government, desire for, in France, [563];
demand for, in Prussia, [632];
granted in southern Germany, [635];
in Piedmont, [651].
Consul, title of Bonaparte, [600], [608].
Continental blockade, [615] f.
Continental system, the, [616].
Continuity of history, [4].
Conventicle Act, [492].
Convention, French, [582] ff.;
close of, [590] f.
Conversion of the Germans, [56] ff.;
of the Saxons, [80].
Copernicus (Kopernik), astronomical discoveries of, [351] f.
Copyists, carelessness of, [89] and note, [90].
Corbie, school at, [90].
Cordova, emir of, [83];
brilliant civilization of caliphate of, [356].
Corn Laws, [681].
Corneille, [500].
Corsica added to France, [536], [592] f.
Cortez conquers Mexico, [351].
Council, general, [311] f.;
of Clermont, [188];
fourth Lateran, [184];
of Pisa, [313];
of Constance, [314] ff.;
of Basel, [318] f.;
of Ferrara-Florence, [319] f.;
Luther recognizes fallibility of, [393].
Council of Blood, [448].
Council of State, French, [599].
Counter-reformation, [438], note.
Counties, sheriffs in the English, [137].
Counts, origin of, [67];
position of, [102].
Counts of the march, [82], [86].
Coup d'état, [598].
Court, lord's, [110] and note.
Court of High Commission, [482].
Covenant, National, [483] f.
Crécy, battle of, [284].
Crema destroyed by Frederick I, [178].
Crimean War, [668] f.
Cromwell, Oliver, [485] ff.;
death of, [489] f.
Cromwell, Richard, [490].
Crusade, Albigensian, [223] f., [256].
Crusades, [23], [187] ff.;
effects of, [199] f., [243], [347].
Culloden Moor, [527].
Culture, mediæval, [250] f.;
general use of Latin, [250];
Germanic languages, [251] f.;
Romance languages, [251] f.;
literature, romance, [254] f.;
chivalry, [256] f.;
ignorance of the past, [259];
popular science, [260];
art, [261] f.;
education, the universities, [267] f.;
Roman and canon law, [269];
Aristotle, [271];
scholasticism, [272].
Curia, papal, [204].
Customs duties, [246], [681].
Customs lines, interior, [539] f.
Customs union, German, [635].
Cyprian, [20].
Czar, see Tsar.
Dagobert, [38].
Damascus, seat of the caliphate, [70], [83], note.
Danegeld, [134].
Danes, [99], note;
invade England, [133] f.;
defeated by Alfred, [133].
Danish language, derivation of, [251].
Dante, [330] f.
Danton, [589].
Dantzig, [196], [248].
Dark age before Charlemagne, [87].
"Dark ages," meaning of, [6], [91].
Darnley, [459].
Dauphin, origin of title, [292], note.
Deacons, [19] f.
Declaration of Independence, American, [533].
Declaration of Rights, English, [494].
Declaration of the Rights of Man, [568] ff., [629].
Decretum of Gratian, [269].
Degrees, university, explained, [270], note.
Deist, [550].
Departments in France, [538], [567] f.
Desaix, [601] f.
Dessau, League of, [415].
Dialogues of Gregory the Great, [54].
Diaz rounds Cape of Good Hope, [348].
Dictatus of Gregory VII., [164].
Diet, German, attempts to reform government, [375].
Directory, French, [591], [593], [597] f., [601].
Discoveries in fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, [347] f.;
modern scientific, [671] ff.
Dispensations, papal, [203].
Dissenters, [491].
Divine Comedy of Dante, [330].
Divine right of kings, [476] f., [496] ff.
Doge of Venice, [324].
Domain, [121].
Domesday Book, [138].
Dominican order organized, [230].
Donauwörth, [466].
Drake, Sir Francis, [461].
Dresden, battle of, [623].
Dukes, origin of, [67].
Dumouriez, [582], [584].
Dunkirk, [489], [588].
Dupleix, [531].
Dürer, Albrecht, [346].
Dutch, commerce of, [448].
See also Holland.
Dutch language, derivation of, [251].
East Frankish kingdom, [94], [98].
East Goths, [28] f., [30], [33].
East India Company, English, [530];
French, [530].
Eastern Church, see Greek Church.
Eastern Empire, [22];
civilization of, in Middle Ages, [23].
Eastern question, origin of, [535], [667] ff.
Ecclesiastical states, origin of, [156], note;
in Germany, disappearance of, [603] f.
Eck, [392] f., [398], [418].
Economists, French, [552] f.
Edessa, Latin principality of, established, [193];
fall of, [196].
Edict of Nantes, [542].
Edict of Restitution, [468], [473].
Edict of Worms, [403] f., [415].
Education, clerical monopoly of, [213] f.;
mediæval, [267];
humanistic, [335];
compulsory, [683].
Edward the Confessor, [134], [136] f.
Edward I of England, [147], [278] f.
Edward II, [280];
forced to abdicate, [281].
Edward III, claims French crown, [283] f., [286] f.
Edward IV, [296].
Edward V, [297].
Edward VI, [434] f.
Egbert, king of Wessex, [133].
Egypt, Bonaparte's expedition to, [597] f.;
English occupation of, [685].
Eisenach, Luther at, [405].
Elba, [624].
Elders, [19], [426], note.
Elders, Council of, [590], [599].
Electors in empire, [372], [524], note.
Elizabeth, queen of England, [430], [451], [458] ff., [476].
Embargo acts of the United States, [615] f.
Emigrant nobles, [575], [577], [579];
permitted to return, [607].
Émigrés, see Emigrant nobles.
Emirate of Cordova, [83], note.
"Emperor Elect," [152], note.
Emperor, Roman, his will law, [10];
worship of, [10].
Emperor, title of, held by Italian kings, [151];
assumed by Otto the Great, [151];
assumed by Napoleon, [608];
assumed by Austrian ruler, [612].
Empire, reëstablishment of, in the West, [84];
divisions of, [92] f., [96];
relations with papacy, [151] f.;
under Hohenstaufens, [173], [185];
under Hapsburgs, [355].
See Holy Roman Empire.
Empire, Roman, character and organization of, [8] ff.
Engine, steam, [675] f.
England, early culture in, [64];
becomes a part of the Catholic Church, [64];
claims of kings of, to France, [130];
importance of, in history of Europe, [133];
on the accession of William the Conqueror, [135];
feudalism in, [135];

Norman conquest of, [136] ff.;
made tributary to pope by John, [183];
commerce of, [244] f., [351], [460] f.;
conquers Wales, [278];
relations of, with Scotland, [279] f.;
union of, with Scotland, [280];
during the Hundred Years' War, [281] ff., [291] ff., [301] f.;
labor problem of, and Peasants' War, [288] ff.;
Wars of the Roses, [296] f.;
humanism in, [335], [363];
Protestant revolt in, [426] ff.;
struggle for constitutional government, [475] ff.;
establishment of commonwealth, [487] ff.;
restoration of the Stuarts, [490];
revolution of 1688, [493];
in the War of the Austrian Succession, [526];
in the Seven Years' War, [520] f.;
expansion of, [523] ff.;
colonies of, in North America, [527] ff.;
settlements of, in India, [529];
colonial possessions of, at end of eighteenth century, [535];
involved in war with France (1793), [583];
renews war with Napoleon, [610];
expansion of, in the nineteenth century, [685].
See also Britain.
English language, [134], [147], [251], [253] f.
Epictetus, [18].
Equality before the law, [683].
Erasmus, [381] f.;
attitude of, toward Luther, [394], [427].
Estates General, [131] f. and note, [285], [298] f., [305], [475], [496] f.;
demanded by the parlement of Paris, [560];
summoning of, [561];
meeting of (1789), [562] f.
Esthonia, [514].
Etruria, kingdom of, [620].
Eucharist, see Mass.
Eugene IV, Pope, [319].
Eugene of Savoy, [507].
Euric, king of West Goths, [26].
Europe after 1814, [625], [627] f.;
contemporaneous, [671].
Excommunication, [213].
Exorcist, [20].
Fabliaux, mediæval, [256].
Far Eastern Question, [686].
Ferdinand I, Emperor, brother of Charles V, [412], [444], [465], [517].
Ferdinand II, Emperor, [467].
Ferdinand of Aragon, [357], [363], [364].
Ferrara-Florence, Council of, [319] f.
Feudal dues, [110] f.;
in France, [543];
abolition of, [567].
Feudal hierarchy, no regular, [116].
Feudal registers, [112].
Feudalism, [104] ff.;
origins of, [99] ff., [102] f., [104] f.;
anarchy of, [116] f.;
in England, [135];
connection of, with chivalry, [257].
Fief, hereditary character of, [106] ff.;
conditions upon which granted, [110] and note;
classes of, [110], [111] f., [115].
Five Hundred, Council of, [590], [599].
Flanders, [94], [123] f., [244];
weavers from, in England, [139];
relations of, with England, [283] f.;
under dukes of Burgundy, [300];
art of, [346].
"Flayers," [298].
Florence, [321], [325], [327] ff., [342];
under Savonarola, [361] f.
Fontenay, battle of, [93].
Foot soldiers, English, defeat French knights at Crécy, [284];
at Poitiers, [285];
at Agincourt, [292].
Forest cantons, [421].
France, origin of, [94], [95] f., [121];
position of early kings of, [121] f., [125];
under Philip Augustus, [130];
genealogical table of the kings of, [282], note;
during the Hundred Years' War, [281] ff., [288], [291] ff.;
standing army of, established, [298];
condition under Louis XI, [299] ff.;
influence of Italian culture, [335], [363];
Protestantism in, [451] ff.;
wars of religion, [451] ff.;
limits of, in 1659, [501] f.;
ascendency of, under Louis XIV, [495] ff.;
absolute monarchy in, [545];
reforms of Colbert, [499] f.;
condition of, at end of the reign of Louis XIV, [508];
joins in War of Austrian Succession, [518];
alliance with the Hapsburgs, [520];
possessions in North America, [527] f.;
in India, [529] ff.;
losses of, at close of Seven Years' War, [532];
aids the United States, [534];
in the eighteenth century, [535] f., [537] ff.;
first Revolution, cause of, [545], [563];
course of, [558] ff.;
First Republic, [581] ff.;
Reign of Terror, [585] ff.;
constitution of the year III, [590] f.;
reforms of Bonaparte, [599], [606], [616];
restoration of the Bourbons, [629] f.;
revolution of 1848, [642] ff.;
Third Republic, [664] f.
Franche-Comté, [300], [366], [471];
ceded to France, [502] f. See Burgundy, county of.
Francis I, Emperor, [519].
Francis II, Emperor, assumes the title of Emperor of Austria, [612].
Francis I of France, [365], [415], [417], [425];
wars with Emperor Charles V, [366];
persecutes the Protestants, [452].
Francis II of France, [452] f.
Francis Joseph I, accession of, [650].
Francis of Assisi, [226] ff.
Franciscan order founded, [228].
Franconian line of emperors, [153].
Franco-Prussian War, [662] f.
Frankfurt, National Assembly at, [646], [651] f.
Franks, conquests of, [30], [34];
conversion of, [35];
history of, [36] f.;
alliance of, with popes, [73], [75] f. See also Charlemagne.
Frederick, Elector of the Palatinate, [466] f., [477].
Frederick I (Barbarossa), Emperor, [173], [197].
Frederick II, Emperor, [181] f., [198].
Frederick I of Prussia, [516].
Frederick II of Prussia, see Frederick the Great.
Frederick the Great, [516], [518] ff.
Frederick the Wise, of Saxony, collects relics, [377];
patron of Luther, [389].
Frederick William III of Prussia, [613] f., [621] f.
Frederick William IV of Prussia, [652] f., [656], note.
Freedmen, condition of, [15].
Freedom of the Christian, by Luther, [397], note.
Freemen in competition with slaves in Roman Empire, [15].
Free towns, German. See Towns.
French Academy, [501].
French and Indian War, [530].
French language, [94], [251], [254], [260].
French Revolution, [4], [537] f.;
opening of, [557], [558] ff.;
second, [574], ff.
Frequens, decree, of Council of Constance, [318], note.
Friends, Society of, [491].
Frisia, [79].
Fritzlar, sacred oak of Odin at, [66].
Fust, John, printer of Psalter of 1459, [338], note.
Future life, pagan view of, [18];
Christian view of, [19].
Galileo, [673].
Gall, St., Irish missionary, [65];
monk of, [78] and note.
Garibaldi, [655], [667].
Gascony, [124].
Gaul, West Goths establish a kingdom in, [26];
occupied by the Franks, [30], [35];
church in, reformed and brought under the papal supremacy, [66].
Gelasius, Pope, his opinion of the relation of the Church and the civil government, [47].
Geneva, Calvin at, [425] f.
Genghiz Khan, [510].
Genoa, [174], [194], [198];
commerce of, [243], [347];
given to Sardinia, [626].
Geoffrey, son of Henry II, [126] f. and note.
George I of England, [524].
George II of England, [526].
George III, [533].
German Confederation of 1815, [632] f.;
dissolution of, [660].
German empire, Proclamation of the, [665].
German kings, difficulties of, caused by the imperial title, [85];
vain attempt of, to control Italy, [85].
German kingship, [148], [152] f.
German language, [94] f. and note, [251];
reduced to writing, [252] f., [258] f.;
books published in the, [250], note;
in Luther's time, [405] f.
Germans, infiltration of, into Roman Empire, [8], [12], [16] f.;
objects of, in invading the Empire, [25];
number of invading, [39];
fusion of, with the Romans, [39];
character of early, [42];
conversion of, [56] ff.
Germany, [79], [95] f.;
foundation of towns in northern, [81];
assigned to Louis the German, [92] f., [94];
history of, contrasted with that of France, [148];
under the same ruler as Italy, [151] f.;
confusion in, under Henry VI, [182];
want of unity in, [185], [355];
culture in, [335], [363];
before Protestant revolt: complexity, organization, the electors, the
knights, the cities, neighborhood war, the diet, reorganization in
fifteenth century, social and intellectual conditions, [371] f.;
during the Protestant revolt, [405] ff.;
progress of Protestantism in, [418] ff.;
religious division of, [412], [415] ff.;
after the Thirty Years' War, [473] f.;
territorial reorganization of, in 1803, [604];
condition of, in 1814, [626];
effects of Napoleonic era in, [631] f.;
in 1848, [646];
unification of, [656] ff., [665].
Ghent, [123];
commerce of, [245], [248].
Ghibelline party, [179], note.
Ghiberti, [342].
Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan, [325].
Gibbon, [73], [76].
Gibraltar, [507], [532];
siege of, [534].
Giotto, [341] f.
Girondists, [585] f., [587].
Glass, stained, [264].
Godfrey of Bouillon, [191] f., [193].
Golden Bull sanctions neighborhood war, [117].
Good Hope, Cape of, rounded by Diaz (1486), [348];
ceded to England, [685].
Gothic language, Bible translated into, [252].
Gothic type, [339].
Government, difficulty of, in the Middle Ages, [67], [85], [98];
effect of feudalism on, [108] f.;
natural, [120];
modern character of, [682] f.
Grail, legend of Holy, [258].
Granada, fall of, [83], [357].
Grand Alliance, [506].
Grand Remonstrance, [484].
Granson, [422].
Gratian, Decretum of, [269].
Gravitation, discovery of universal, [673].
Gray Friars, see Franciscans.
Great Charter of England, [144]–[146].
Great Elector of Prussia, [516].
Great Khan, [510].
Great Mogul, [529].
Great St. Bernard crossed by Bonaparte, [601].
Greece, creation of the kingdom of, [640], [668].
Greek books brought to Venice in 1423, [337].
Greek Church, tends to separate from the Latin, [51];
union of, with Western Church, [319].
Greek culture in the Roman Empire, [12].
Greek language, knowledge of, in Middle Ages, [64], [336];
revived study of, in Italy, [320], [336] f.
Greek New Testament, [423].
Gregory of Tours, [33], [36].
Gregory the Great, [52] ff.;
writings of, [54];
missionary work of, [55], [61].
Gregory VI, Pope, [160].
Gregory VII, [52], note, [138], [162], [164] ff.;
reform of, [161], [162] f.;
conflict of, with Henry IV, [167] ff.;
death of, [170].
Gregory XI, Pope, [310].
Gregory XII, Pope, [313], [315].
Grotius, [508].
Guelf party, origin of, [179], [182].
Guienne, [130], [140], [283].
See also Aquitaine.
Guilds, craft, [241] f., [500];
abolition of, in France, [555].
Guillotine, [588] f. and notes.
Guise, Henry of, [456].
Guises, [454].
Gunpowder, invention of, [352].
Gustavus Adolphus, [468] ff.
Gustavus Vasa, [469].
Hades, [18].
Hadrian, tomb of, [54].
Hadrian IV, Pope, and Frederick I, [176] f.
Hadrian VI, Pope, [410]–[412].
Hague, peace conference at The, [686].
Hampden, John, [481].
Hanover, electorate of, [524], note.
Hanover, house of, [524];
occupied by Napoleon, [610];
relations of, with Prussia, [613] f.
Hanseatic League, [247] f.
Hanseatic towns annexed to France, [602].
Hapsburg, Rudolf of, king of Germany, [185].
Hapsburgs, rise of, [354] f., [421], [444] f., [471], [517] ff.
Harold, Earl of Wessex, [136] f.
Hastings, battle of, [136], note.
Hébert, [589].
Heilbronn, articles of, [414].
Hejira, the, [69].
Henrietta Maria, [478].
Henry II of England, possession of, [126], [140] ff.
Henry III of England, [146] f.
Henry IV of England, [291].
Henry V of England continues Hundred Years' War, [291] ff.
Henry VII of England, [296] f.
Henry VIII of England, [365], [367], [426] ff., [476].
Henry II of France, [452].
Henry III of France, [456].
Henry IV of France, [457] f.
Henry I of Germany, [149] and note.
Henry III, Emperor, [153] f.;
intervenes in papal matters, [160], [166].
Henry IV of Germany, [165] ff.;
conflict of, with Gregory VII, [167] ff., [174].
Henry V, Emperor, [171].
Henry VI, Emperor, [180] f.
Henry of Navarre, see Henry IV of France.
Henry the Lion, [180].
Henry the Proud, [179].
Heresy, in twelfth and thirteenth centuries, [220] f.;
punishment of, [225];
of Huss, [314] f., [403] and note.
Herzegovina, [669], [670] and note.
Hesse, Philip of, [409] f., [415], [419].
Hesse-Cassel, [628].
Hildebrand, see Gregory VII.
Hindustan, [348], [529] ff.
History, scope of, [1];
continuity or unity of, [4];
notions of, in the Middle Ages, [259] f.
Hohenstaufens, [173] f.
See also Frederick I, Henry VI, Frederick II.
Hohenzollern family, [515].
See also Brandenburg and Prussia.
Holbein, Hans, [346].
Holidays, number of, reduced in Germany, [412].
Holland, [449];