An Introduction to the History of Western Europe

by James Harvey Robinson

war with England, [492];
war with France, [492] f., [502] f.;
colonies of, [527];
becomes the Batavian republic, [604];
Louis Bonaparte, king of, [613];
annexed to France, [620];
made a kingdom, [625], [632].
See also United Netherlands.
Holy Land, commercial interests of Italian cities in, [198] f.
Holy League formed by Pope Julius II against France, [365].
Holy League, French, [456].
Holy Roman Empire, [85], [152] f., [473];
consolidation of, in 1803, [603] f.;
dissolution of, [612].
See also Germany.
Homage, [109] and note;
refusal of, [116] f.
Horace, idea of life entertained by, [45];
Satires of, [333], note.
Hospitalers, [194] f.
House of Lords, abolition of, [487].
See also Parliament.
Hrolf, [122] f.
Huguenots, [454] ff., [467];
Charles I attempts to aid, [478] f.;
position of, under Louis XIV, [504] f.
Humanists, Italian, [334] f.;
German, [379] f.
Humanities, [334].
Hundred Years' War, [281] ff., [291] ff.
Hungarians, [149];
defeated by Otto the Great, [150].
Hungary, freed from the Turks, [518];
during revolution of 1848, [646], [648] f.;
dual union of, with Austria, [650].
Huns, [25], [27].
Huss, [309], [315] ff., [393].
Hussite wars, [317].
Hussites, [432], [465].
Hutten, Ulrich von, [385] f., [395] f., [399], [404], [410].
Iconoclastic controversy, [74].
See Images.
Illuminations, [261] f.
Images, demolition of, in England, [433] f.;
in the Netherlands, [447] f.
Immunities, [101].
Imperial title, [151] f.
See also Emperor.
Indemnity, the French, [664].
Independents, [482] f. and note.
India, Portuguese seek a sea route to, [348];
Europeans in, [528] ff.;
during Seven Years' War, [530].
Indulgences attacked by Wycliffe, [308];
explained, [390] f.;
attitude of Luther toward, [390] ff., [412], [423].
Industrial revolution, [679] f.
Industry stimulated by commerce in Middle Ages, [244] f.
Infeudation, [106] f.;
of other things than land, [115].
Innocent III, Pope, struggle of, with the Hohenstaufens, [181] f.;
attempts to reform the Church, [223].
Inquisition established, [224], [231];
in Spain, [358], [619];
in the Netherlands, [445], [447].
Institutes of Christianity, Calvin's, [425] f.
Interdict, [183], [213].
International law, [507] f.
Invasions of the ninth and tenth centuries, [98] f.
Invention, progress of, in fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, [352] f.;
modern, [674] ff.
Investiture, lay, [155] ff., [161];
prohibition of, [163], [167];
question of, settled at Worms, [171] f.
Invincible Armada, [463].
Ireland, [461] f., [487] f.
Irene, Empress, [84].
Irish monks in Britain, [62].
Iron industry, [352], [675] f.
Isabella, queen of Castile, [357].
Islam, [69].
Italian language, derivation of, [251];
used by Dante in the Divine Comedy, [330];
by Petrarch, [334].
Italy, during the barbarian invasions, [33];
united to Charlemagne's empire, [85], [93], [96];
German kings make vain attempt to control, [151] f.;
towns of, under Frederick I, [174] f.;
Hohenstaufens in, [180], [186];
commerce of, [198] f., [243] f.;
divisions of, in fourteenth century, [321] f.;
culture of, during the Renaissance, [321], [339] ff.;
invasion of, by Charles VIII, [360] f.;
hold of Austria on, [507];
Bonaparte's campaign in, [594];
Napoleon, king of, [611];
after 1815, [636] f., [638] f.;
war of independence of, [645] f.;
constitutions granted to various states of, [646];
unification of, [654] ff.;
formation of the present kingdom of, [655] f.
Ivan the Terrible, [511].
Jacobins, [578] f., [590].
Jacobites, [526] and note.
James I of England, [467];
theory of kingship of, [475] ff.
James II, [493].
James VI of Scotland, [462].
See also James I of England.
Jamestown, [528].
Jefferson, Thomas, opinion of the condition of France, [544].
Jena, battle of, [614].
Jerome, St., [51];
advocate of the monastic life, [57].
Jerome Bonaparte, [614].
Jerusalem, [185], [188];
Kingdom of, [192] ff., [197] f.
Jesuits, order of, [462], [465] f., [494].
Jewry, [246].
Jews, economic importance of, [246];
persecution of, [246], [358].
Joan of Arc, [293] f.
John of England, [126] f., [144] ff.;
vassal of pope, [183].
John, king of France, [285].
John Frederick of Saxony, [415], [418] f.
John XXIII, Pope, [313].
Jongleurs, [256].
Joseph Bonaparte, king of Spain, [618].
Josephine, [607], [620].
Journal des Savants, [501].
Jousts, [118].
Jubilee at Rome (1300), [305].
Julius II, Pope, [344], [365].
Jury, origin of, [142].
Just price, doctrine of, [245].
Justification by faith, [388], [439].
Justinian [33];
closes government schools, [267].
Kadijah, wife of Mohammed, [69].
Kappel, battle of, [425].
Kent, king of, converted, [61].
King, position of, in Middle Ages, [73], [102], [108], [120].
King of Rome, [620].
King of the Romans, [152], note.
Kneeling Parliament, [436].
Knighthood, [257] f.
Knights, summoned to the English Parliament, [147];
in Germany, [407];
revolt of, [409] f.;
disappearance of, [604].
Knox, John, [459].
Koran, the, [69] f.
Kossuth, [650].
Labor, division of, [677].
Labor unions, [681] f.
Laborers, protection of, [681].
Lafayette, [534], [563], [570].
Laissez faire, [553], [681].
Lancaster, house of, in England, [291], [296];
genealogical table of, [297], note.
Lancelot, description of, quoted, [258].
Landholding, in the Roman Empire, [104].
See also Feudalism.
Lanfranc, [138].
Langton, Stephen, [183].
Langue d'oc, [254], note.
Langue d'oïl, [254], note.
La Rochelle, [455], [457], [478].
La Salle, [528].
Latin Church tends to separate from the Greek, [51].
See also Church.
Latin language, contrast of the written, with the spoken, [39], [252], note;
knowledge of, preserved by the Church, [87] f.;
general use of, in the Middle Ages, [95], [202], [250].
Latin literature, extinction of, [31].
See also Humanists.
Laud, William, [481] f., [484].
La Vendée, revolt of, [587].
Law, see Canon and Civil law.
Law of Free Monarchies, The, of James I, [477].
Law of Nature and Nations, by Pufendorf, [508].
Laws of the Barbarians, [40].
Lay investiture, see Investiture.
Lea, Henry C., description of Church, [214];
account of mendicants, [230].
Lefèvre, [452] f.
Legates, [162].
Legion of Honor, [617].
Legislative Assembly, [576], [579] f.
Legitimists, [664], note.
Legnano, battle of, [179].
Leipsic, disputation at, [392] f.;
battle of, [623].
Leo the Great, [21], [51], [52].
Leo III, Emperor, forbids the veneration of images, [74].
Leo IX, Pope, reform begun by, [161] f.
Leo X (Medici), Pope, patron of art, [344], [365], [391], [410].
Leonardo da Vinci, [344] f.
Leopold II, [577].
Leopold of Hohenzollern, [662], note.
Letters of Obscure Men, [380] f., and note.
Lettres de cachet, [546].
Leyden, siege of, [451], note.
Libraries, destruction of, [32];
established in Italy, [337].
Ligurian republic, [610].
Lisbon, trade in spices, [348].
Lit de justice, [547].
Livonia, [514].
Llewelyn, Prince of Wales, [278].
Logic, esteem for, in the Middle Ages, [268], [271];
decline of, [334] f.
Lombard cities, [170] f., [174] ff.
Lombard League, [178].
Lombard, Peter, Sentences of, [210], [396] f.
Lombards as bankers, [246].
Lombards, History of the, by Paulus Diaconus, [90].
Lombards in Italy, [33], [34], [65], [74] f.;
conquered by Charlemagne, [81].
London, [248], [290].
Long Parliament, [484] ff.;
dissolved by Cromwell, [488] f.;
recalled, [490].
Lord, mediæval, position of, [99] f.;
meaning of term, [106].
Lord Protector, Cromwell, [489].
Lord's Supper, Zwingli's conception of, [425].
See also Mass.
Lorraine, [94], [300], [472];
added to France, [536];
portion of, ceded to Germany, [663] and note.
Lorsch, Chronicles of, passage from, [84].
Lothaire, son of Louis the Pious, [93].
Lotharii regnum, [94].
Louis the Fat of France, [125].
Louis the German, [92], [93], [95].
Louis the Pious, [92].
Louis IX (Saint), [130] f., [198].
Louis XI of France, [299] f.
Louis XII of France, [364] f.
Louis XIII of France, [458].
Louis XIV, [472], [489], [492], [495] ff.;
idea of position of, [496] f.;
court of, [498];
wars of, [501] ff.;
condition of France at end of reign of, [508].
Louis XV, [508], [553].
Louis XVI, position of, [545], [553] f.;
removes to Paris, [570];
flight of, to Varennes, [575] f.;
imprisonment of, [581];
trial and execution of, [583].
Louis XVII, [625], note.
Louis XVIII, [625];
policy of, [629] f.
Louis Philippe, [630], [642] f.
Louisiana, [534], [602].
Low Church party, [482].
Loyola, Ignatius, [440] ff.
Lübeck, [244], [248].
Lucien Bonaparte, [599].
Luther, Martin, [387] ff.;
burns the canon law, [368], [399];
early life and education of, [387];
enters monastery, [387];
justification by faith, [388];
called to Wittenberg, visits Rome, [389];
teaches biblical theology, [389];
the theses of, [390];
warfare against indulgences, [390];
debate with Eck at Leipsic, [392];
relations with humanists, [393];
with Ulrich von Hutten, [395];
Address to the German Nobility of, [396];
Babylonian Captivity of the Church of, [397];
excommunicated, [398];
at diet of Worms, [401];
outlawed by the emperor, [403] and note;
translates the Bible, [405];
view of reform of, [407] ff.;
rash talk of, about princes, [413];
attacks the peasants, [414], [416].
Lützen, battle of, [470].
Luxembourg, [300], [662].
Lyons revolts against the Convention, [587], [589].
Machiavelli, The Prince of, [327], [362].
Machinery, introduction of, [675] ff.
Madras, [529].
Magdeburg, [469].
Magellan circumnavigates the globe, [351].
Magyars, see Hungarians.
Major Domus, see Mayors of the Palace.
Malory, the Mort d'Arthur of, [255], note.
Malta, [195].
Mandeville, Sir John, referred to, [261], note.
Manor, [100], [234] f.;
court of the, [236].
Mantua, [471].
Manufacture, increase of, in thirteenth century, [200];
modern, [675].
Manuscripts, [337] f.
Marches, establishment of, [82].
Marco Polo, [347].
Marcus Aurelius, Meditations of, [18].
Marengo, battle of, [601].
Margaret, queen of Navarre, [452].
Margraves, origin of, [82], [86], [102].
Maria Louisa, [620].
Maria Theresa, [518] ff.
Marie Antoinette, [554], [570], [589].
Marlborough, [506].
Marquette, [528].
Marquises, [86].
Marriage, of the clergy, [154], [157] and note, [161], [163], [418];
sacrament of, [211].
Marseilles, revolt of, [587].
Marston Moor, battle of, [486].
Mary of Burgundy, [301].
Mary of Modena, [493].
Mary, queen of England, [435] f.
Mary Queen of Scots, see Mary Stuart.
Mary Stuart, [454], [459] ff.
Mass, the, [211] f., [407], [409], [432].
Matilda, [126], [140].
Maurice of Saxony, [418] f.
Maximilian I, Emperor, [356], [358] f., [363], [365].
Maximilian of Bavaria, [466], [467].
Mayence, [66], [78];
elector of, [372], [378];
printing at, [338].
Mayflower, [483].
Mayors of the Palace,

[38].
Mazarin, [495].
Mazzini, [639], [648].
Mecca, [68], [69], [70].
Medici, [328] f., [361], [366];
Lorenzo de', [328], [344];
library of the, [337].
Medicine, modern advance in, [674].
Medina, [69].
Melanchthon, [417].
Mendicant orders, [225] f.
Merovingian documents, carelessness of, [87].
Merovingian kings, [38], [72].
Mersen, Treaty of, [95] f.
Metric system, [591].
Metternich, [634];
overthrow of, [644] f.
Metz, [452], [473], [663].
Mexican expedition, [662].
Mexico, [351], [358].
Michael Angelo, [342], [344] f.
Microscope, development of, [674].
Middle Ages, meaning of term, [5] f.;
character of, [42] f.
Middle kingdom of Lothaire, [94] f.
Milan, Edict of, [21];
married clergy in, [163];
destruction of, by Frederick I, [176] f.;
despots of, [324] f.;
claimed by France, [364] f.;
claimed by Charles V, [366], [417].
Miles Coverdale, [431].
Military service, feudal, [110].
Miniature, derivation of word, [262].
Minnesingers, [258].
Minor orders of the clergy, [20].
Minorca, [507].
Mirabeau, [564].
Miracles, frequency of, in Middle Ages, [46] f.
Missi dominici, [86], [102].
Missions, greatly increase the power of the pope, [66];
of the Jesuits, [442].
Model Parliament, [147].
Modern languages, origin of, [40], [250] ff.
Mohammed, [68] f.
Mohammedan conquests, see Arabic conquests.
Mohammedan invasion of Italy, [150].
Mohammedanism, [69] f.
Mohammedans, [68] ff., [88];
gradual expulsion of, from Spain, [83], [356] f.;
commerce of, [199], [243].
Molière, [500].
Moluccas, [347], [348].
Monasteries, breaking up of, in Germany, [407] f.;
in England, [432] f.
Monasticism, attraction of, for many different classes, [56] f.
Money, scarcity of, in the Middle Ages, [98];
use of, [236], [247].
Mongol emperors of India, [529] and note.
Mongols, [510].
Moniteur, [578].
Monk, George, [490].
Monk of St. Gall, [78] and note.
Monks, [46];
origin and distinguished services of, [56] f., [219].
Monte Cassino, founding of, [57].
Montesquieu, [552].
Moors, in Spain, [357] f.;
expulsion of, [464].
Moravians, [149].
More, Sir Thomas, [427], [432].
Morgarten, battle of, [421].
Mort d' Arthur, Malory's, [255], note.
Moscow, [512], [514];
princes of, [510] f.;
Napoleon at, [621].
Mosque, [70].
Mountain party, [585] f.
Münster, [472].
Murat, king of Naples, [618].
Murten, battle of, [422].
Nantes, Edict of, granting of, [457];
revocation of, [504] f.
Nantes, massacre at, [589].
Naples, kingdom of, [180], [360], note, [363] f., [613];
revolution in, [635], [637] f.
Napoleon Bonaparte, [536], [574], [592] ff.;
idea of, of a European empire, [609];
Memoirs of, [624].
Napoleon II, [620].
Napoleon III, [644];
intervenes in Italy, [654] f.;
position of, after 1866, [662].
Naseby, battle of, [486].
National Assembly, first French, [564], [570];
close of, [576] f.
National guard, [566].
National workshops, [643] f.
"Natural boundaries" of France, [501] f.
Natural laws, discovery of, [672] f.
Navigation Act, [488].
Necker, [556].
Nelson, [597] f., [615].
Netherlands, [295];
come into Austrian hands, [301];
revolt of, [445] ff.;
Louis XIV claims, [502];
Spanish, ceded to Austria, [507].
Neustria, [37] f.
New Testament, edition of, by Erasmus, [382].
New York, [492].
Newspapers, origin of French, [578];
Napoleon's attitude toward, [608] f.
Newton, Sir Isaac, [673].
Nicæa, Council of, [21];
during First Crusades, [188], [192].
Niccola of Pisa, [340].
Nicholas II, Pope, decree of, [162].
Nicholas V, [320], [337].
Niebelungs, Song of the, [253].
Nimwegen, Peace of, [503].
Nobility, origin of Frankish, [38];
titles of, [86];
character of feudal, [112], [234] f.;
in France under Louis XI, [299] f.;
established by Napoleon, [608], [617].
Nobles, privileges of, in France, [542] f.;
emigration of French, [575].
Nogaret, [306].
Non-juring clergy, [572] f., [579].
Nördlingen, battle of, [470].
Norman conquest of England, [136] ff.;
results of, [138] f.
Normandy, [122] f., [127], [284], [292].
Normans, amalgamate with the English, [139], [146];
in Sicily, [180], note. See also Northmen.
Norse literature, [99], note.
North German Federation, [660] f.
Northmen, treaty of Charles the Fat with, [96] f., [99] and note;
in Russia, [510].
Northumbria, king of, [62].
Notables, meeting of, [558] f.
Novara, battle of, [650].
Novgorod, [248], [510].
Nuremberg, [373];
diet of (1522), [410] f.
Odo, [96], [120] f.
Odoacer, [28].
Ordeal, [41], [142].
Ordination, sacrament of, [211].
Orient, European relations with, [199] f., [244].
Orleanists, [664], note.
Orleans, duke of, [292];
Maid of, [294].
Ormond, [487].
Osnabrück, [472].
Ostrogoths, see East Goths.
Other-worldliness of mediæval Christianity, [45].
Othman, [517].
Otto I, the Great, of Germany, [149] ff.
Otto of Brunswick, [182].
Otto of Freising, [173], [197].
Overlord, [106], note.
Pagan idea of the life after death, [18], [45].
Paganism, merges into Christianity, [19];
of Italian humanists, [335].
Painting, Italian, [340] f., [346];
in northern Europe, [346].
Palace, school of the, [90].
Palatinate, electorate of, [372], [467];
Louis XIV's operations in, [505].
Pallium, [203], [307].
Pan-Slavic Congress of 1848, [648].
Papacy, origin of, [49] ff.;
seat of, transferred to Avignon, [306] f., [308], [317]. See also Pope.
Papal legates, [162].
Papal states, [75] f., [170], [320], [620], [639], [655], [667]. See also Pope.
Papyrus, supply of, cut off, [87].
Paris, [37], [96];
Treaty of (1763), [532];
Peace of (1783), [534];
importance in the Revolution, [570];
commune of, [581], [589];
insurrection of (June, 1848), [643];
of 1871, [664].
Parish, administration of, [208] f.
Parlements, French, origin of, [130] f., [547] f., [559] f.
Parliament, English, [147], [281], [286], [289];
after Wars of the Roses, [298], [308], [475];
struggle of, with Charles I, [478] ff., [496].
Parma, duchess of, [447] f.
Parsifal, by Wolfram von Eschenbach, [258].
Patrick, St., [62].
Paulus Diaconus, [90].
Peasants' War, in England, [309];
in Germany, [407], [413] ff.
Peasants in France, condition of, before the French Revolution, [544] f.
Penance, sacrament of, [211] f.
Pepys, Diary of, [492].
Persecution, religious, [432], [436];
of English Catholics, [462].
Peter Lombard, Sentences of, [268], [334], [425].
Peter, St., [49] f.
Peter the Great, [511] ff.;
reforms of, [512].
Peter the Hermit, [190].
Petition of Right, [479].
Petrarch, [288], [332] ff.
Philip Augustus of France, [125] ff., [130], [183], [197], [246].
Philip the Fair, of France, [131], [196], [280];
struggle of, with Boniface VIII, [304] f.
Philip VI of France, [283].
Philip the Good, of Burgundy, [293], [295], [300].
Philip II of Spain, [436], [444] ff.;
reign of, [463] f.
Philip V, first Bourbon king of Spain, [506].
Picts, [279].
Piedmont, reforms in, [654].
Piers Ploughman, [290].
Pilgrim Fathers, [483].
Pillnitz, Declaration of, [577] f.
Pins, illustration of the manufacture of, [677].
Pippin of Heristal, [38].
Pippin the Short, [72] f., [75] f.
Pisa, Council of, [313].
Pitt, the elder, [530].
Pius IX, [639], [648].
Plantagenets, [125] ff., [140] ff.
Plassey, battle of, [531] f.
Plebiscite, [600], [644].
Poitiers, battle of, [285].
Poland, [153], [514];
first partition of, [521], [583] f.;
Napoleon's campaign in, [614];
dispute over, at the Congress of Vienna, [626] f.
Pomerania, [473].
Pondicherry, [530].
Pope, [52];
origin of name of, [52], note; [54] f., [66];
alliance of, with Franks, [72] f., [75] f.;
opposition to iconoclasm, [74], [85];
relations of, with Otto the Great, [151] f.;
position of, in tenth and early eleventh centuries, [161];
election of, [162];
powers of, claimed for by Gregory VII, [164] f.;
position of, in the Church, [202] ff.;
during the Great Schism, [310] ff.;
attitude of, toward councils, [438];
attitude of, toward Italian unity, [639], [647];
position of, since 1870, [667].
Popular sovereignty defended by Rousseau, [552].
Port Mahon, [532].
Portuguese, explorations by, [347] f.;
colonies of, [348], [527], [685].
Praise of Folly, by Erasmus, [383], [427].
Prayer-book, English, [435], [458], [482], [491].
Preaching Friars, [231].
Prefects, French, [599].
Presbyterian Church, [425] f., [459], [482] f.
Presbyters, [19] f., [426], note.
Press, censorship of, in the eighteenth century, [549].
Pressburg, Treaty of, [611].
Pride's Purge, [486].
Priest, [20];
duties of, [208] f.
Prime minister, [526].
Prince Charlie, [527].
Prince of Wales, origin of title of, [278].
Printing, invention of, [337] f.;
modern methods of, [678].
Privileges in France, [540];
abolition of, [567].
Protestant, origin of term, [416] f.
Protestant revolt, conditions explaining, [377];
course of, in Germany, [405] ff.
Protestant union of German princes, [415], [466].
Protestantism, in Germany, [418] ff.;
in Switzerland, [423] ff.;
in England, [430]–[435];
in the Netherlands, [447] ff.;
in France, [451] ff.
"Protests" of the French parlements, [547].
Provençal language, [254];
troubadours' songs in, [256].
Provisors, statute of, in England, [308].
Prussia, [474], [515] ff., [544];
war of, with France, [581], [583] f., [593], [613] f.;
reforms of Stein and Hardenberg, [622] f.;
after 1815, [626] f., [631];
in 1848, [646];
strengthening of army of, [656] f.;
war with Austria (1866), [660];
war with France (1870), [662] f.;
predominating influence of, in the German empire, [666].
Prussians conquered by the Teutonic knights, [196].
Ptolemy's estimate of size of the world, [350].
Pufendorf, [508].
Purgatory, [212].
Puritans, [482], [483] and note, [491].
Quakers, [491].
Quebec, [528], [530].
Racine, [500].
Railroads, development of, [678] f.
Rajah, [529].
Raphael, [344] f.
Ravenna, interior of a church at, [29].
Reaction, after Napoleon's downfall, [628];
in Germany, [634] f.
Reason, worship of, [589].
Reform Act, English, [682], note.
Regalia, [177].
Regensburg, formation of Catholic party at, [412].
Regular clergy defined, [59].
Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, [603].
Reign of Terror, [537], [573], [588] ff.;
customs of, abolished, [607].
Relics, German collections of, [377] f.
Relief, [108], note.
Religious equality, [683].
Rembrandt, [346].
Renaissance, [321], [329] f.
Republic, the "red," in France, [643].
Republican calendar, [591].
Republican party in France, origin of, [576].
Restoration in England,

[490].
Reuchlin, [380].
Revolution of 1848, [642] ff.;
results of, [653].
Revolutionary Tribunal, [588].
Reynard the Fox, [256].
Rhine, left bank of, ceded to France, [603].
Rhine, the Confederation of the, [612] f.
Richard I, the Lion-Hearted, [126] f., [144], [197] f.
Richard II of England, [291], [315].
Richard III of England, [297].
Richelieu, [458], [467], [495];
intervenes in the Thirty Years' War, [471] f.
Rights of Man, Declaration of, [568] ff.
Rising in the north of England, [460].
Roads, [12];
poor, in the Middle Ages, [98], [242].
Robbia, Luca della, [343].
Robert Guiscard in Naples and Sicily, [180], note.
Robespierre, [589], f.
Rois fainéants, [38].
Roland, Song of, [83], note, [255].
Rollo, [122] f.
Roman Church, the mother church, [49] f.
Roman Empire, [8] ff.;
reasons for decline of, [12] ff.;
religious revival in, [18];
"fall" of, in the West, [27];
relations of, with Church, [47];
continuity of, [84] f.
Roman law, [11];
retained by Theodoric, [29];
supplanted by German customs, [40];
study of, revived, [177], [269].
Romana lingua, see French language.
Romance languages, derivation of, [251] f.
Romances, mediæval, [254] f.
Rome, city of, [26], [53], [305], [310];
ascendency of, in art, [344];
sack of, [417], note;
made a republic, [648];
added to the kingdom of Italy, [667].
Romulus Augustulus, [28].
Roncaglia, Frederick I holds two assemblies at, [176] f.
Roncesvalles, Pass of, [83], note.
Rossbach, battle of, [520].
"Rotten boroughs," [682], note.
Roumania, [669] f.
Roumelia, Eastern, [670], note.
Roundheads, [485].
Round Table, Knights of the, [255].
Rous, [510].
Rousillon, [471] f.
Rousseau, [551].
Royal library of France, [501].
Rubens, [346].
Rudolf of Hapsburg, [355].
Rule of St. Benedict, [57] f.
Rump Parliament, [487] f.
Rurik, [510].
Russia, [509] ff.;
relations of, with Napoleon, [614], [620] f.;
Crimean War of, [668] f.;
recent expansion of, [686].

Sacraments, [210] f.;
attacked by Luther, 397 f.;
confirmed by the Council of Trent, [439].
Sacrosancta, decree, [317].
Sagas, [99], note.
St. Bartholomew's Day, massacre of, [455] f.
St. Bernard, [197], [219], [268].
St. Dominic, [229] f.
St. Francis of Assisi, [225] ff., [342].
St. Mark's church at Venice, [323].
St. Meinrad, [423].
St. Omer, terms of charter of, [240].
St. Peter's Church at Rome, [344].
St. Petersburg, founding of, [512] f.
Saint-Simon, [500].
Saladin takes Jerusalem, [197].
Salamander, mediæval account of, quoted, [260].
Salisbury, oath of, [137] f.
Salt tax, French, [540].
Saracens, see Mohammedans.
Saratoga, battle of, [534].
Sardinia, kingdom of, [628].
Satires of the sixteenth century, [406].
Savonarola, [361] f.
Savoy, France deprived of, [625].
Saxons, [27], [79] ff., [98];
settle in England, [60];
rebel against Henry IV, [166].
Saxony, [179] f.;
electorate of, [372];
question of, at the Congress of Vienna, [626] f.
Scandinavian kingdoms, [468] f.
Schism, the Great, [310] f., [314] f.
Schleswig-Holstein affair, [657] f.
Schoifher, Peter, [338], note.
Scholasticism, [272] f.
School of the palace, [90].
Schools established by Charlemagne, [88] f.
Science, mediæval, [260], [356];
modern methods of, [678] ff.
Scotch people, [280] f.
Scotland, [135], [278] ff., [459];
under the same ruler as England, [476];
Charles I at war with, [483];
union with England, [524];
welcomes the Young Pretender, [526] f.
Sculpture, mediæval, [262], [265] f.;
Renaissance, [340].
Secular clergy defined, [59].
Sedan, battle of, [663].
Seigneur, derivation of, [106], note.
Seneca, opinion on origin of practical arts, [14].
Senior, late Latin, [106], note.
Senlac, battle of, [136].
Sentences of Peter Lombard, [210], [425].
Sepoys, [531].
September massacres, [582].
Serfdom, [16], [234];
disappearance of, in England, [290] f.;
abolished in France, [567];
in Prussia, [622].
Serfs, coloni resemble the, [16], [100];
condition of, [234] ff., [414]. See also Serfdom.
Servia, [668] ff.
Sevastopol, [669].
Seven Years' War, [519] f.;
in India, [530] ff.
Sévigné, Madame de, [500], [505].
Sforza family, [327].
Shakespeare, [477] f.
Sheriffs appointed by William the Conqueror, [137].
Ship money, [481], [484].
Shires, [135] and note.
Sicily, [180], [182], [185], [360], note.
Sickingen, Franz von, [406] f., [409] f.
Sigismund, Emperor, [314] f.
Silesia, [518] f.
Simon de Montfort leads Albigensian crusade, [223].
Simon de Montfort, Parliament of, [146] f.
Simony, [158] f., [161], [218].
"Simple priests" of Wycliffe, [309].
"Six Articles," the, [431] f.
Slavery in Roman Empire, [13] ff.
Slavs, [82];
on the borders of Germany, [150], [153];
settlement of, in Europe, [509], [648] f.
Smith, Adam, [677].
Social Contract of Rousseau, [551].
Social Democrats, [643].
Sophia of Hanover, [524].
Sorbonne, [452].
South Bulgaria, [670], note.
Southampton granted a charter, [240].
Spain, [26], [70] f., [83], [346];
maritime power of, [351];
under Charles V, [354], [356] f., [445], [451], [455];
decline of, [464];
colonies of, [527];
Napoleon attempts to control, [618] f., [623], [637];
loses American colonies, [684] f.
"Spanish fury," [450].
Spanish language, derivation of, [251].
Spanish March, [83], [94].
Spanish Netherlands, see Netherlands.
Spanish Succession, War of the, [506] ff.
Spectacles, invention of, [352].
Speyer, Edict of (1526), [415] f.;
protest of, [316] f. and note.
Spice trade, importance of, [348] f.
Stamp Act, [532].
Star Chamber, Court of, [484].
State, character of, in Middle Ages, [48], [165].
States of the Church, see Papal states.
Statutes of Laborers, [289].
Steam, application of, [675] f.
Steamboats, [678].
Steel, [676].
Steelyard, [248].
Stein, reforms of, [622], [631].
Stem duchies in Germany, [148] f.
Stephen, king of England, [140].
Stone of Scone, [280].
Strafford, [484].
Strand laws, [247].
Strasburg, [473];
seized by Louis XIV, [504], [663] f.
Strasburg oaths, [94].
Stuart, house of, [475].
Students' associations in Germany, [633].
Subdeacon, [20].
Subinfeudation, [106] f.
Subtenant, [107].
Subvassals, [107] ff.
Suffrage, extension of, [682].
Sully, [457] f.
Sutri, the council of, [160].
Suzerain, [106] and note.
Sweden, [468] f., [473];
under Charles XII, [513] f.
Swiss mercenaries, [423] and note.
Switzerland, origin of, [421] ff.;
Protestant revolt in, [423] ff., [473], [605], [626].
Symbolism, mediæval, [261].
Syria, Bonaparte's campaign in, [598].
Taille, [299], [540], [545] f., [556], [559].
Talleyrand, [626].
Tamerlane, [529], note.
Tancred, [180] f.
Tartars, [510].
Taxation, in Roman Empire, [13];
papal, [204], [384];
of church property, [304];
without representation, [533];
reform of, in France, [567].
Teachers, government, in Roman Empire, [12], [32].
Telescope, [67].
Templars, [195] f., [306].
Temporalities, [156].
"Tennis-Court" oath, [564].
Test Act [492];
repeal of, [683].
Tetzel, [390].
Teutonic order, [195] f.;
in Prussia, [515] f.
Theodoric, [28] ff.
Theodosian Code, provisions of, relating to the Church, [21].
Theodosius the Great, [22] f., [27].
Theology in University of Paris, [269].
Thermidor, 9th, [590], note.
Theses, Luther's ninety-five, [390] f.
Third estate, [543] ff.
Thirty-Nine Articles, the, [435].
Thirty Years' War, [465] ff.
Thomas à Becket, [142] f.
Thomas Aquinas, [231], [272].
Three Henrys, War of the, [456].
Tilly, [469] f.
Tilsit, treaties of, [614].
Timur, [529], note.
Tithe, [81], [202].
Titian, [346].
Toleration, religious, in Germany, [415] ff., [419] f.;
in France, [454] ff.;
modern, [683].
Tolls in Middle Ages, [246] f.
Toul, [452], [473].
Toulouse, counts of, [124], [256].
Tourneys, [118].
Tours, battle of, [71] f.
Towns, representatives of, summoned to Parliament, [147];
in Middle Ages, [174], [200], [232], [237] f., [248];
German, [373], [375], [604];
growth of the modern, [680].
Trade, mediæval, [238], [242] f.;
restrictions on, abolished, [680].
Trafalgar, battle of, [615].
Transubstantiation, [213], [309], [425], [431].
Treasury of "good works," [378].
Trent, Council of, [437] ff.
Treves, [12];
electorate of, [372].
Trial by jury, [142].
Trials, mediæval, [41], [140] ff.
Triple Alliance, [502] f.
Troubadours, [256].
Troyes, Treaty of (1420), [293].
Truce of God, [118].
Tsar, title of, [511], note.
Tudor, house of, [296] f.
Tuilleries, [581], [664].
Turenne, [472].
Turgot, [553], note, [554] f.
Turkey in Europe, [535];
disruption of, [628], [667] ff.
Turks, [188], [190] f., [376], [514], [517].
Twelve Articles of the peasants, [413] f.
Ulfilas translates Bible into Gothic, [252].
Ulm, [374], [611].
Unction, sacrament of extreme, [211].
United Provinces, [450], [473].
Unity of the Church, by Cyprian, [20].
Unity of history, [4].
Universities, mediæval, [269] f., [333], [356];
German, [380], [398].
Urban II, [188].
Usufruct, [105].
Usury, doctrine of, [245].
Utopia, by Sir Thomas More, [427].
Utrecht, Union of, [450];
Treaty of, [507].
Valentinian III, decree of, [51].
Valois, house of, [455].
Van Dyck, [346].
Van Eyck brothers, [346].
Vandals, [26], [33].
Varennes, flight to, [575] f.
Vassals, origin of, [102] f., [106];
obligations of, [110] f.
Vasco da Gama, [348].
Vassy, massacre of, [455].
Vatican library, [337].
Velasquez, [346].
Vendée, La, revolt of, [587].
Venerable Bede, the, [56], [64].
Venetia given to Austria, [626]; [655];
ceded to Italy, [667].
Venice, founding of, [27];
commerce of, [194], [198] f., [243] f., [347];
government of, [321] f.;
painting at, [346];
war of, with League of Cambray, [364] f.;
destruction of republic of, [595];
in 1848, [648]. See Venetia.
Verdun, [452], [473];
Treaty of, [93];
fall of, [582].
Versailles, [498].
Vespasiano, Italian bookseller, [337], note.
Veto, royal, in England, [524] and note.
Victor Emmanuel, [650], [654] f.
Vienna, siege of, by Turks, [517] f.;
Congress of, [625] ff.;
revolution of 1848 in, [645], [650].
Vikings, [99], note.
Villa, Roman, [14], [100].
Villehardouin, [260].
Visconti, [324] f., [364].
Visigoths, see West Goths.
Voltaire, [519], [549] ff.
Vulgate, [51], [439].
Wager of battle, [41].

Wagram, battle of, [619].
Waibling, castle of, [179], note.
Waldensians, [221] f., [452].
Waldo, Peter, [221].
Wales, [135], [277] f.
Wallenstein, [468] and note, [469] f.
Wallingford, charter of, [240].
Walpole, [526].
Walther von der Vogelweide, [258], [384].
War and Peace of Grotius, [508].
War, neighborhood, [117] ff.
War of the Barons, [146] f.
Warfare, modern, [684], [686].
Wars of the Roses, [296] ff.
Warsaw, grand duchy of, [614], [626].
Wartburg, [405];
festival at the, [633].
Washington, George, [533] f.
Waterloo, battle of, [624].
Watt, James, [675].
Welf, [179].
Wellington, [623] f.
Wessex, [133].
West Frankish kingdom, [94]. See also Franks.
West Goths, [25] f., [36], [39], [71].
Westphalia, kingdom of, [614], [623].
Westphalia, Peace of, [472] f.
Whitby, Council of, [62].
White Hill, battle on the, [467].
William the Conqueror, claim of, to English crown, [136];
policy of, in England, [136] ff., [165].
William III of England, [492] ff., [505], [506], [523] f., [525].
William of Orange, king of England, see William III.
William of Orange (the Silent), [448] ff.
William I of Prussia, [656] f.;
chosen emperor, [665].
"Winter king," [467].
Witenagemot, [135], [137], [147].
Wittenberg, University of, [389];
reform at, [407] f.
Wolfram von Eschenbach, [258].
Wolsey, Cardinal, [367], [427] ff.
Worms, council of, [167];
Concordat of, [171];
diet of, [400] f.;
Edict of, [403] f., [415].
Writing, style of, used in Charlemagne's time, [89].
Würtemberg, [372];
duke of, assumes the title of King, [612];
granted a constitution, [635].
Wycliffe, John, [308] f.;
influence of, on Huss, [315], [393].
Xavier, [442].
"Yea and Nay," by Abelard, [268].
York, house of, [296], [297], note.
Young, Arthur, [544].
Young Italy, [639].
Young Pretender, [526] f.
Zealand, [449].
Zipangu (Japan), [347].
Zollverein, [635].
Zurich, [421] f., [424].
Zwingli, [416], [420], [423] ff.

---

FOOTNOTES:

[1] There is a short description of Roman society in Hodgkin, Dynasty of Theodosius, Chapter II.

[2] Reference, Adams, Civilization during the Middle Ages, Chapter II, "What the Middle Ages started with."

[3] There are a number of editions of this work in English, and selections from Epictetus are issued by several publishers. See [Readings], Chapter II.

[4] There is an English translation of this published by Stock ($1.20).