[167] Reference, Henderson, Short History of Germany, Vol. I, pp. 111–121.
[168] See Steele's Mediæval Lore for examples of the science of the Middle Ages. For the curious notions of the world and its inhabitants, see the Travels, attributed to Sir John Mandeville. The best edition is published by The Macmillan Company, 1900. See [Readings], Chapter XIX.
[169] The word miniature, which is often applied to them, is derived from minium, i.e., vermilion, which was one of the favorite colors. Later the word came to be applied to anything small. See the frontispiece for an example of an illuminated page from a book of hours.
[170] So called because it was derived from the old Roman basilicas, or buildings in which the courts were held.
[171] In France as early as the twelfth century.
[172] Notice flying buttresses shown in the picture of Canterbury cathedral, p. [208].
[173] See [Readings], Chapter XIX.
[174] The origin of the bachelor's degree, which comes at the end of our college course nowadays, may be explained as follows: The bachelor in the thirteenth century was a student who had passed part of his examinations in the course in "arts," as the college course was then called, and was permitted to teach certain elementary subjects before he became a full-fledged master. So the A.B. was inferior to the A.M. then as now. After finishing his college course and obtaining his A.M., the young teacher often became a student in one of the professional schools of law, theology, or medicine, and in time became a master in one of these sciences. The words master, doctor, and professor meant pretty much the same thing in the thirteenth century.
[175] An example of the scholastic method of reasoning of Thomas Aquinas may be found in Translations and Reprints, Vol. III, No. 6.
[176] Reference, Green, Short History of the English People, pp. 161–169.