Nothing, I think, is more evident, than that in this mineral country of the Hartz, we may find the clearest marks of fracture, elevation, and dislocation of the strata, and of the introduction of foreign matter among those separated bodies. All those appearances, our author would have to be nothing but some particular accident, which is not to enter into the physiology of the earth. I wish again to generalise these facts, by finding them universal in relation to the globe, and necessarily to be found in all the consolidated parts of our land.
It was not to refute our author's reasoning that I have here introduced so much of his observations, but to give an extensive view of the mineral structure of this interesting country. This therefore being done, we now proceed to what is more peculiarly our business in this place, or the immediate subject of investigation, viz. the distinction of primary and secondary strata.
"Dans le voisinage de cette montagne, il y a une autre fort intéressante, que je vis le jour suivant. Quoiqu'en traitant des volcans, j'aie démontré que la formation des montagnes, par soulèvement, étoit sans example dans les faits, et sans fondement dans la théorie, je ne laisseroi pas de m'arrêter au phénomène que présente cette montagne; parce qu'il prouvera directement que les couches calcaires au moins, ont été formées à la hauteur ou elles sont; c'est-a-dire qu'elles n'ont pas été soulevées.
"Voulant prendre l'occasion de mon retour à Hanovre, pour traverser les avant-corps du Hartz, dans quelque nouvelle direction; je résolus de faire ce voyage à cheval, et de prendre ma route droite vers Hanovre, au-travers des collines; ce qui me conduisit encore à Grund puis à Münchehof Brunshausen, Engelade, Winsenburg et Alfeld, où enfin, traversant la Leine j'entrai dans la grande route.
"Je quittai donc Clausthal (et avec bien du regret) le 14 au matin; et revenant d'abord à Grund, je le laissai sur ma droite, ainsi que l'Iberg; et plus loin, du même côté, une autre montagne nommée Winterberg dont la base est schiste, et le sommet plus haut que Clausthal, entièrement composé de couches calcaires. De Grund je montai vers une montagne nommée Ost Kamp; et je commençai là à donner une attention particulière au sol. Le long de mon chemin, je ne trouvai longtemps que des schistes, qui montroient leurs points en haut, comme à l'ordinaire, et avec tous leurs tortillemens de feuillets. Mais arrivé au haut de la montagne, j'y vis des carrières de pierre à chaux, où les couches absolument régulières, et qui ont peu d'épaisseur sur le schiste suivent parfaitement les contours du sommet. Ces lits de pierre à chaux n'ont certainement pas été soulevés du fond de la mer sur le dos des schistes; lors même qu'à cause de la grande inclinaison des feuillets de ceux-ci on voudroit le attribuer à quelque révolution telle que le soulèvement; (ce que je n'admettrois point). Car si ces lits calcaires, ayant été faits au fond de la mer, avoyent été soulevés avec les schistes, ne feroient-ils pas brisés et bouleversés comme eux? Il est donc evident, que quoiqu'il soi arrivé au schiste qui les porte, ces lits, et tous les autres de même genre qui sont au haut de ces montagnes, ont été déposées au niveau où ils sont; et que par conséquent la mer les surpassoit alors. Ainsi le système de soulèvement perd son but, s'il tend à expliquer pourquoi nous avons des couches, formées par la mer, qui se trouvent maintenant si fort au dessus de son niveau. Il est évident que ces couches n'ont pas été soulevées; mais que la mer s'est abaissée. Or c'est là le grand point cosmologique à expliquer: tous les autres, qui tiennent à la structure de certaines montagnes inintelligibles, n'appartiendront qu'à l'histoire naturelle, tant qu'ils ne se lieront pas avec celui-la."
Here are two things to be considered; the interesting facts described by our author, and the inference that he would have us draw from those facts. It would appear from the facts, that the body of schistus below, and that of lime-stone above, had not undergone the same disordering operations, or by no means in the same degree. But our author has formed another conclusion; he says, that these lime-stone strata must have been formed precisely in the place and order in which they lie at present; and the reason for this is, because these strata appeared to him to follow perfectly the contour of the summit of this mountain. Now, had there been in the top of this mountain a deep hollow encompassed about with the schistus rock; and had this cavity been now found filled with horizontal strata, there might have been some shadow of reason for supposing those strata to have been deposited upon the top of the mountain. But to suppose, first, that shells and corals should be deposited upon the convex summit of a mountain which was then covered by the sea; secondly, that these moveable materials should remain upon the summit, while the sea had changed its place; and, lastly, that those shells and corals left by the sea upon the top of a mountain should become strata of solid limestone. and have also metallic veins in it, certainly holds of no principle of natural philosophy that I am acquainted with. If, therefore, such an appearance as this were to be employed either in illustration or confirmation of a theory, it would itself require to be explained; but this is a task that this cosmologists does not seem willing to undertake.
He has formed a hypothesis for explaining the general appearance of that which was once the bottom of the sea being now found forming the summits of our mountains; but surely this philosopher will acknowledge, that those natural appearances, in any particular place, will be the same, whether we suppose the bottom of the sea to have been raised, as in the present theory, or the surface of the sea to have sunk according to his hypothesis. For, it is equally easy to suppose a portion of the earth to have been raised all this height, as to suppose all the rest of the surface of the globe to have sunk an equal space, while a small portion of the bottom of the sea, remaining here and there fixed in its place, became the highest portion of the globe. Consequently, whatever evidence this philosopher shall find in support of his theory of the present earth, (a subject which it is not our purpose to examine) it cannot be allowed that he has here brought any argument capable of disproving the elevation of the bottom of the sea; a supposition which other theories may require.
I would now observe, in relation to the present theory, that so far as this author has reasoned justly from natural appearances, his conclusions will be found to confirm the present supposition, that there is to be perceived the distinction of primordial, and that of secondary, in the masses of this earth, without altering the general theory either with respect to the original formation of those masses, or to their posterior production.
Here one of two things must be allowed; either that those strata of schistus had been broken and distorted under a mass of other superincumbent strata; or that those superincumbent strata had been deposited upon the broken and distorted strata at the bottom of the sea. Our author, who has examined the subject, inclines to think, that this last has been the case. If, therefore, strata had been deposited upon broken and bare rocks of schistus, it is probable that these had been sunk in the sea after having been exposed to the atmosphere, and served the purpose of land upon the globe.[31]
Footnote 31:[ (return) ] This is also supported by another very interesting observation contained in this letter. M. de Luc observes, that in this country the schistus is generally covered by strata of lime-stone, and that these lime-stone strata are again covered with those of sand-stone, in which are found a great many fragments of schistus lying flat. Therefore, while those sand-stone strata were collecting at the bottom of the sea, there had been rocks of schistus in some other place, from whence those fragments bad been detached.