De Canibus Britannicis: Of Englishe Dogges

by John Caius

Natura etiam in brutis vin
ostendit suam.

Scene and allowed.

¶ Imprinted at London

by Rychard Johnes, and are to be
solde ouer against S. Sepul-
chres Church without
Newgate.
1576.

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	The first Section of this discourse. ¶ The Preamble or entraunce, into this treatise.
Scripsimus ad te (charissime Gesnere) superioribus annis variamhistoriam de variis quadrupedum, avium, atque piscium formis, variisherbarum atque fruticum speciebus & figuris.	I wrote vnto you (well beloued friende Gesner) not many yearespast, a manifolde historie, contayning the diuers formes and figures ofBeastes, Byrdes, and Fyshes, the sundry shapes of plantes, and thefashions of Hearbes, &c.
Scripsimus & de canibus quædam ad te seorsum, quæ in libro tuo deiconibus animalium ordine secundo mansuetorum quadrupedum, ubi deCanibus Scoticis scribis, & in fine epistolæ tuæ ad GulielmumTurnerum de libris a te editis, inter libros nondum excusos, te editurumpolliceris.	I wrote moreouer, vnto you seuerally, a certayne abridgement of Dogges,which in your discourse vpon the fourmes of Beastes in the seconde orderof mylde and tameable Beastes, where you make mencion of ScottisheDogges, and in the wynding vp of your Letter written and directed toDoctour Turner, comprehending a Catalogue or rehersall of yourbookes not yet extant, you promised to set forth in print, and openly topublishe in the face of the worlde among such your workes as are not yetcome abroade to lyght and sight.
Sed quia de Canibus nostris quædam in eo libello mihi videbanturdesiderari, editionem prohibui, & alium promisi. Quamobrem, utpromissis meis starem, & expectationi tuæ satisfacerem, homini omniscognitionis cupido, universitatem generis, differentiam atque usum,mores & ingenium, veluti methodo quadam conabor explicare.	But, because certaine circumstaunces were wanting in my breuiary ofEnglishe Dogges (as seemed vnto mee) I stayed the publication of thesame, making promise to sende another abroade, which myght be commyttedto the handes, the eyes, the eares, the mindes, and the iudgements ofthe Readers. Wherefore that I myght perfourme that preciselye, which Ipromised solempnly, accomplishe my determination, and satisfy yourexpectacion: which art a man desirous and capeable of all kinde ofknowledge, and very earnest to be acquaincted with all experimentes: Iwyll expresse and declare in due order, the grand and generall kinde ofEnglishe Dogges, the difference of them, the vse, the propertyes, andthe diuerse natures of the same, making a tripartite diuision in thissort and maner.
Dispertiar in tres species, Generosam, Rusticam, & Degenerem; sicut de illa primò, de hac postremò, de rustica, medio loco tibidicam.	All Englishe Dogges be eyther of, A gentle kinde, seruing the game. A homely kind, apt for sundry necessary vses. A currishe kinde, meete for many toyes. Of these three sortes or kindes so meane I to entreate, that thefirst in the first place, the last in the last roome, and the myddlesort in the middle seate be handled.
Omnes Britannicos vocabo; tum quòd una Insula Britannia, ut Anglicosomnes, sic quoque Scoticos omnes complectatur: tum quòd venatibus magisindulgemus, quia voluptati ex feris & venatione, propter animaliumcopiam, atque hominum otium, magis Britanni sumus dediti, quàm eorumanimalium indigi & negotiosi Scoti.	I cal thẽ vniuersally all by the name of English dogges, as wellbecause England only, as it hath in it English dogs, so it is notwithout Scottishe, as also for that wee are more inclined and delightedwith the noble game of hunting, for we Englishmen are adicted and giuento that exercise, & painefull pastime of pleasure, as well for theplenty of fleshe which our Parkes and Forrests doe foster, as also forthe oportunitie and conuenient leasure which we obtaine, both which, theScottes want.
[Ex generosis venaticis.] Ergo cum omnis ratio generosæ venationis, vel in persequendis feris,vel in capiendis avibus finiatur, canum, quibus hæc aguntur, duo generasunt: alterum quod feras investiget, alterum quod aves persequatur.	Wherfore seeing that the whole estate of kindly hunting consistethprincipally, In these two pointes, In chasing the beast In taking the byrde that is in hunting fowleing
Utraque Latinis uno & communi nomine dici possunt venatica.	It is necessary and requisite to vnderstand, that there are twosortes of Dogges by whose meanes, the feates within specifyed arewrought, and these practyses of actiuitie cunningly and curiouslycompassed, Two kindes of Dogges One which rouseth the beast and continueth the chase, Another which springeth the byrde and bewrayeth flight bypursuite, Both which kyndes are tearmed of the Latines by one common name thatis, Canes Venatici, hunting dogges.
Sed Anglis cum aliud esse videatur feras sectari, aliud aves capere,ut primum venationem, secundum aucupium nominant, ita canum nominavolunt esse diversa: ut qui feras lacessunt, venatici; qui aves,aucupatorii dicerentur.	But because we Englishe men make a difference betweene hunting andfowleling, for thatthey are called by these seuerall wordes, Venatio &Aucupium, so they tearme the Dogges whom they vse in these sundrygames by diuers names, as those which serue for the beast, are calledVenatici, the other which are vsed for the fowle are calledAucupatorij,
Venaticos rursum divido in quinque genera. Aut enim odoratu, aut visufatigant feras, aut pernicitate vincunt, aut odoratu & pernicitatesuperant, aut dolo capiunt.	The first kind called Venatici I deuide into fiue sortes. The first in perfect smelling The second in quicke spying The thirde in swiftnesse and quicknesse The fourth in smelling & nymblenesse The fifte in subtiltie and deceitfulnesse, excelleth.
Sagax.	Of the Dogge called a Harier, in Latine Leuerarius.
Qui odoratu fatigat, & prompta alacritate in venando utitur,& incredibili ad investigandum sagacitate narium valet: a quare nos sagacem hunc appellamus, quem Græci ab investigando ἰχνευτὴν,à nare ῥινηλάτην dicunt. Huic labra propensa sunt, & aures ados usque pendulæ, corporisquemedia magnitudo.	That kinde of Dogge whom nature hath indued with the vertue ofsmelling, whose property it is to vse a lustines, a readines, and acouragiousnes in hunting, and draweth into his nostrells the ayre orsent of the beast pursued and followed, we call by this wordSagax, the Græcians by thys word ιχνευτήν of tracing or chasing byye foote, or ῥινηλάτην, of the nostrells, which be theinstrumentes of smelling. Wee may knowe these kinde of Dogges by theirlong, large, and bagging lippes, by their hanging eares, reachyng downeboth sydes of their chappes, and by the indifferent and measurableproportion of their making.
Leverarius. Hunc Leverarium vocitabimus, ut universum genus in certas speciesatque nomina reducamus: cum alioqui usus aut officii nomine, in unitatemspeciei adigi nullo modo queant.	This sort of Dogges we call Leuerarios Hariers, that I maycomprise the whole nũber of them in certaine specialties, and apply tothem their proper and peculier names, for so much as they cannot all bereduced and brought vnder one sorte, considering both the sundrye usesof them, and the difference of their seruice wherto they beappointed.
Nam alius leporis, alius vulpis, alius cervi, alius platycerotis,alius taxi, alius lutræ, alius mustelæ, alius cuniculi (quem tamen nonvenamur nisi casse & viverra) tantum odore gaudet: & in suoquisque genere & desiderio egregius est.	Some for The Hare The Foxe The Wolfe The Harte The Bucke The Badger The Otter The Polcat The Lobster[C] The Weasell The Conny, &c. Some for one thing and some for another. As for the Conny, whom we haue lastly set downe, wee use not to hunt,but rather to take it, somtime with the nette sometime with a ferret,and thus euery seuerall sort is notable and excellent in his naturallqualitie and appointed practise.
Sunt ex his qui duos, ut vulpem atque leporem, variatis vicibus sequistudent, sed non ea felicitate, qua id quod natura sequi docuit: errantenim sæpius.	Among these sundry sortes, there be some which are apt to hunt twodiuers beasts, as the Foxe otherwhiles, and other whiles the Hare, butthey hunt not with such towardnes and good lucke after them, as they doethat whereunto nature hath formed and framed them, not onely inexternall composition & making, but also in inward faculties andconditions, for they swarue oftentimes, and doo otherwise then theyshould.
Terrarius.	Of the Dogge called a Terrar, in Latine Terrarius.
Sunt qui vulpem atque taxum solum, quos Terrarios vocamus; quodsubeant terræ cuniculos, more viverrarum in venatu cuniculorum, &ita terrent mordentque vulpem atque taxum, ut vel in terra morsulacerent, vel è specu in fugam aut casses cuniculorum ostiis inductascompellant. Sed hi in sagacium genere minimi sunt.	Another sorte there is which hunteth the Foxe and the Badger or Greyeonely, whom we call Terrars, because they (after the manner and customeof ferrets in searching for Connyes) creepe into the grounde, and bythat meanes make afrayde, nyppe, and byte the Foxe and the Badger insuchsort, that eyther they teare them in peeces with theyr teeth beyng inthe bosome of the earth, or else hayle and pull them perforce out oftheir lurking angles, darke dongeons, and close caues, or at the leastthrough cõceaued feare, driue them out of their hollow harbours, in somuch that they are compelled to prepare speedy flight, and beingdesirous of the next (albeit not the safest) refuge, are otherwise takenand intrapped with snares and nettes layde ouer holes to the samepurpose. But these be the least in that kynde called Sagax.
Sangui­narius.	Of the Dogge called a Bloudhounde in LatineSanguinarius.
Qui insequuntur, majores: propenso & hi labro atque aure, necvivas tantum uti memorati omnes, sed & mortuas quoque conspersisanguinis odore persequuntur.	For whether the beast beyng wounded, doth notwithstanding enioyelife, and escapeth the handes of the huntesman, or whether the saidbeast beyng slayne is conuayed clenly out of the parcke (so that therebe some signification of bloud shed) these Dogges with no lessefacilitie and easinesse, then auiditie and greedinesse can disclose andbewray the same by smelling, applying to their pursute, agilitie andnimblenesse, without tediousnesse, for which consideration, of asinguler specialtie they deserued to bee called Sanguinarijbloudhounds.
Sive enim vivæ sauciantur feræ, atque è manibus venatorum elabuntur,sive mortuæ ex vivario sublatæ sunt (sed profusione sanguinis utræque)isti canes odore facilè persentiscunt, & subsequuntur. Eam ob causamex argumento sanguinarii appellantur.	The greater sort which serue to hunt, hauing lippes of a large syze,& eares of no small lenght, doo, not onely chase the beast whiles itliueth, (as the other doo of whom mencion aboue is made) but beyng deadalso by any maner of casualtie, make recourse to the place where itlyeth, hauing in this poynt an assured and infallible guyde, namely, thesent and sauour of the bloud sprinckled heere and there vpon theground.
Cum tamen fieri solet ut furum astutia nullo consperso sanguineabripiatur fera, etiam sicca hominis vestigia per extentissima spatianullo errore sequi nôrunt,	And albeit peraduenture it may chaunce, (As whether it chauncethsealdome or sometime I am ignorant) that a peece of fleshe be subtilystolne and cunningly conuayed away with such prouisos and precaueats asthereby all apparaunce of bloud is eyther preuented, excluded, orconcealed, yet these kinde of dogges by a certaine direction of aninwarde assured notyce and priuy marcke, pursue the deede dooers,through long lanes, crooked reaches, and weary wayes, without wandringawry out of the limites of the land whereon these desperate purloynersprepared their speedy passage.
in quantalibet multitudine secernere, per abditissima &densissima loca appetere, & si flumina tranent etiam persequi,cumque ad ulteriorem ripam perventum est, circuitu quodam qua fugitumest investigare, si primo statim odore in vestigium furis noninciderint.	Yea, the natures of these Dogges is such, and so effectuall is theirforesight, that they cã bewray, seperate, and pycke them out from amongan infinite multitude and an innumerable company, creepe they neuer sofarre into the thickest thronge, they will finde him outnotwithstandying he lye hidden in wylde woods, in close and ouergrowengroues, and lurcke in hollow holes apte to harbour such vngraciousguestes. Moreouer, although they should passe ouer the water, thinkingthereby to auoyde the pursute of the houndes, yet will not these Doggesgiue ouer their attempt, but presuming to swym through the streame,perseuer in their pursute, and when they be arriued and gotten thefurther bancke, they hunt vp and downe, to and fro runne they, fromplace to place shift they, vntill they haue attained to that plot ofgrounde where they passed ouer. And this is their practise, if perdiethey cãnot at ye first time smelling, finde out the way whichthe deede dooers tooke to escape.
Sic enim arte inveniunt, quod fortuna nequeunt, ut rectè videatur abÆliano scriptum lib. 6. cap. 59. de animalibus, τὸ ἐνθυμητικὸν καὶδιαλεκτικὸν, καὶ μέντοι καὶ τὸ αἱρετὸν, hoc est, considerationem,ratiocinationem, atque etiam participationem seu arbitrium canibus hiscevenaticis inesse; nec ante cessant persequi, quàm sunt furescomprehensi.	So at length get they that by arte, cunning, and diligent indeuour,which by fortune and lucke they cannot otherwyse ouercome. In so much asit seemeth worthely and wisely written by Ælianus in his sixte Booke,and xxxix. Chapter. Τὸ ἐνθυμητικον καὶ διαλεκτικὸν. to bee as it werenaturally instilled and powred into these kinde of Dogges. For they wyllnot pause or breath from their pursute vntill such tyme as they beeapprehended and taken which committed the facte.
Eos luce in tenebris habent heri, nocte producunt, quo alacriores inpersequendo sint assueti tenebris, quibus prædones delectanturmaximè.	The owners of such houndes vse to keepe them in close and darkechannells in the day time, and let them lose at liberty in the nightseason, to th’intent that they myght with more courage and boldnessepractise to follow the fellon in the euening and solitarie houres ofdarkenesse, when such yll disposed varlots are principally purposedto play theyr impudent pageants, & imprudent pranckes.
Iidem, cum fures insequuntur, non ea donantur libertate qua cumferas, nisi in magna celeritate fugientium furum, sed loro retenti herumducunt qua velit ille celeritate, sive pedes sit, sive eques.	These houndes (vpon whom this present portion of our treatiserunneth) when they are to follow such fellowes as we haue beforerehersed, vse not that liberty to raunge at wil, which they haveotherwise when they are in game, (except upon necessary occasion, wherondependeth an urgent and effectuall perswasion) when such purloyners makespeedy way in flight, but beyng restrained and drawne backe from runningat randon with the leasse, the ende whereof the owner holding in hishand is led, guyded, and directed with such swiftnesse and slownesse(whether he go on foote, or whether he ryde on horsebacke) as hehimselfe in hart would wishe for the more easie apprehension of theseventurous varlots.
In confiniis Angliæ atque Scotiæ propter frequentia pecorum &jumentorum spolia, multus usus hujus generis canum est, & principiodiscit pecudem & armentum persequi, postea furem relictoarmento.	In the borders of England & Scotland, (the often and accustomedstealing of cattell so procuring) these kinde of Dogges are very muchvsed and they are taught and trayned up first of all to hunt cattell aswell of the smaller as of the greater grouth, and afterwardes (thatqualitie relinquished and lefte) they are learned to pursue suchpestilent persons as plant theyr pleasure in such practises ofpurloyning as we have already declared.
In hoc genere nullus est aquaticus naturaliter, nisi eos ita nominareplaceat, qui Lutram insequuntur, qui subinde ripas, subinde aquasfrequentant. Non recusant tamen omnes, aviditate prædæ tranantisflumina, etiam aquis se committere. Sed hoc desiderii potius est, quàmnaturæ.	Of this kinde there is none that taketh the water naturally, exceptit please you so to suppose of them whych follow the Otter, whychsometimes haunte the lande, and sometime vseth the water. And yetneuerthelesse all the kind of themboyling and broyling with greedy desire of the pray which by swymmingpasseth through ryuer and flood, plung amyds the water, and passe thestreame with their pawes. But this propertie proceedeth from an earnestdesire wherwith they be inflamed, rather then from any inclinationissuyng from the ordinance and appoyntment of nature.
Quod autem exhis aliquas Brachas nostri, Rachas Scoti sua lingua nominant, in causasexus est, non genus. Sic enim canes fœminas in venatico genere vocaresolent nostri.	And albeit some of this sort in English be called Brache, inScottishe Rache, the cause hereof resteth in the shee sex and notin the generall kinde. For we English men call bytches, belonging to thehunting kinde of Dogges, by the tearme aboue mencioned.
Ad postremum, in natura sagacium est, ut alii pervestigando taceantante excitatam feram, alii statim ad primum odorem voce prodant animal,etsi remotum adhuc, & in cubili; & quo juniores, eopetulantioris oris & mendacioris sunt. Ætas enim & venandiassiduitas experientiam in his facit & certitudinem, ut in aliisomnibus, maximè, cum norint obtemperare domino vel inhibenti velanimanti.	To bee short it is proper to the nature of houndes, some to keepesilence in hunting untill such tyme as there is game offered. Othersomeso soone as they smell out the place where the beast lurcketh, to bewrayit immediatly by their importunate barcking, notwithstanding it be farreof many furlongs cowchyng close in his cabbyn. And these Dogges theyounger they be, the more wantonly barcke they, and the more liberally,yet, oftimes without necessitie, so that in them, by reason of theyryoung yeares and want of practise, small certaintie is to be reposed.For continuance of tyme, and experience in game, ministreth to thesehoundes not onely cunning in running, but also (as in the rest) anassured foresight what is to bee done, principally, being acquaintedwith their masters watchwordes, eyther in reuoking or imboldening themto serue the game.
Agasæus.	Of the Dogge called the Gasehounde, in Latine Agaseus.
Quod visu lacessit, nare nihil agit, sed oculo; oculo vulpemleporemque persequitur, oculo seligit medio de grege feram, & eamnon nisi bene saginatam & opimam oculo insequitur,	This kinde of Dogge which pursueth by the eye, preuayleth little, orneuer a whit, by any benefite of the nose that is by smelling, butexcelleth in perspicuitie and sharpenesse of sight altogether, by thevertue whereof, being singuler and notable, it hunteth the Foxe and theHare. Thys Dogge will choose and seperate any beast from among a greatflocke or hearde, and such a one will it take by election as is notlancke, leane and hollow, but well spred, smoothe, full, fatte, andround, it followes by the direction of the eyesight, which in deede iscleere, constant, and not uncertaine,
oculo perditam requirit, oculo, si quando in gregem redeat, secernit,cæteris relictis omnibus, secretamque cursu denuo fatigat ad mortem.Agasæum nostri abs re, quòd intento sit in feram oculo, vocant.	if a beast be wounded and gone astray this Dogge seeketh after it bythe stedfastnes of the eye, if it chaunce peraduenture to returne &bee mingled with the residue of the flocke, this Dogge spyeth it out bythe vertue of his eye, leauing the rest of the cattell vntouched, andafter he hath set sure sight upõ it he seperateth it from among thecompany and hauing so done neuer ceaseth untill he haue wearyed theBeast to death. Our countrey men call this dogge Agasæum. Agasehounde because the beames of his sight are so stedfastly setled andvnmoueably fastened.
Usus ejus est, in septentrionalibus Angliæ partibus magis quammeridionalibus; locis planis & campestribus, quàm dumosis &sylvestribus; equitibus magis quàm peditibus, quo ad cursum equosincitent (quibus delectantur magis quàm ipsa præda) assuescantque sepesfossasque inoffensè & intrepidè transilire & aufugere,	These Dogges are much and vsually occupyed in the Northern partes ofEngland more then in the Southern parts, & in fealdy landes ratherthen in bushy and wooddy places, horsemen vse them more then footemen toth’intent that they might prouoke their horses to a swift galloppe(wherwith they are more delighted then with the pray it selfe) and thatthey myght accustome theyr horse to leape ouer hedges & ditches,without stoppe or stumble, without harme or hassard, without doubt ordaunger, and so escape with safegard of lyfe.
quò insessores per necessitates & pericula salutem fuga sibiquærant, aut hostem insequendo cum velint cædant.	And to the ende that the ryders themselues when necessitie soconstrained, and the feare of further mischiefe inforced, myght sauethemselues vndamnifyed, and preuent each perilous tempest by preparingspeedy flight, or else by swift pursute made vpon theyr enimyes, myghtboth ouertake them, encounter with them, and make a slaughter of themaccordingly.
At si quando canis aberraverit, dato signo quàm mox accurrit, &feram de integro subsequens, clara voce, cursuque celeri ut antelacessit.	But if it fortune so at any time that this Dogge take a wrong way,the master making some vsuall signe and familiar token, he returnethforthwith, and taketh the right and ready trace, beginning his chase afresh, & with a cleare voyce, and a swift foote followeth the gamewith as much courage and nimblenesse as he did at the first.
Leporarius.	Of the Dogge called the Grehounde, in Latine Leporarius.
Quod pernicitate vincit, leporarius dicitur, quòd præcipua ejus cura,præcipuusque usus est in persequendo lepore. Quanquam & in capiendoplatycerote, cervo, dorcade, vulpe, & hoc genus aliis feris, &viribus & memorata velocitate valent: sed plus minus pro suo quisquedesiderio, & corporis firmitudine aut exilitate.	There is another kinde of Dogge which for his incredible swiftnesseis called Leporarius a Grehounde, because the principall seruiceof them dependeth and consisteth in starting and hunting the hare, whichDogges likewyse are indued with no lesse strength then lightnes inmaintenance of the game, in seruing the chase, in taking the Bucke, theHarte, the Dowe, the Foxe, and other beastes of semblable kinde ordainedfor the game of hunting. But more or lesse, each one according to themeasure and proportion of theyr desire, and as might and habilitie oftheyr bodyes will permit and suffer.
Est enim strigosum genus: in quo alii majores sunt, alii minores:alii pilo sessili, alii hirto. Majores majoribus, minores minoribusferis destinamus.	For it is a spare and bare kinde of Dogge, (of fleshe but not ofbone) some are of a greater sorte, and some of a lesser, some are smoothskynned, & some are curled, the bigger therefore are appoynted tohunt the bigger beasts, & the smaller serue to hunt the smalleraccordingly.
Cujus naturam in venatione, magnam; in hoc, miram deprehendi: quòd(referente Joanne Froisarto historico lib. hist. suæ 4.) leporariusRichardi secundi Anglorum regis, qui ante neminem præter regemagnoverat, venientem Henricum Lancastriæ ducem ad castellum Flinti utRichardum comprehenderet, relicto Richardo, Henricum solitis inRichardum favoribus exceperit;	The nature of these dogges I finde to be wonderful by yetestimoniall of histories. For, as Iohn Froisart the Historyographer inhis 4. lib. reporteth. A Grehound of King Richard, the secondyt wore the Crowne, and bare the Scepter of the Realme ofEngland, neuer knowing any man, beside the kings person, whẽ HenryDuke of Lancaster came to the castle of Flinte to takeKing Richarde. The Dogge forsaking his former Lord & mastercame to Duke Henry, fawned upon him with such resemblaunces ofgoodwyll and conceaued affection, as he fauoured King Richardebefore: he followed the Duke, and vtterly left the King.
quasi adversitates Richardi futuras intellexerat &præsentiscerat. Id quod Richardus probe animadvertit, atque ut præsagiumfuturi interitus verbis non dissimulavit.	So that by these manifest circumstances a man myght iudge this Doggeto haue bene lightened wyth the lampe of foreknowledge &vnderstãding, touchyng his olde masters miseryes to come, andvnhappinesse nye at hand, which King Richarde himselfe euidentlyperceaued, accounting this deede of his Dogge a Prophecy of hisouerthrowe.
Levinarius seu lorarius.	Of the Dogge called the Leuiner, or Lyemmer in LatineLorarius.
Quod sagacitate simul & pernicitate potest, & genere, &compositione corporis medium est inter sagacem illum & leporarium,& à levitate appellatur levinarius, à loro (quo ducitur)lorarius. Hic propter velocitatem & gravius feram urget, &citius capit.	Another sort of dogges be there, in smelling singuler, and inswiftnesse incomparable. This is (as it were) a myddle kinde betwixt theHarier and the Grehounde, as well for his kinde, as for the frame of hisbody. And it is called in latine Leuinarius, a Leuitate,of lyghtnesse, and therefore may well be called a lyghthounde, it isalso called by this worde Lorarius, a Loro, wherwith it isled. This Dogge for the excellency of his conditions, namely smellingand swift running, doth followe the game with more eagernes, and takeththe pray with a iolly quicknes.
Vertagus.	Of the Dogge called a Tumbler, in Latine Vertagus.
Quod dolo agit, vertagum nostri dicunt, quòd se, dum prædatur,vertat, & circumacto corpore, impetu quodam in ipso specus ostioferam opprimit & intercipit.	This sorte of Dogges, which compasseth all by craftes, fraudes,subtelties and deceiptes, we Englishe men call Tumblers, because inhunting they turne and tumble, winding their bodyes about in circlewise, and then fearcely and violently venturing upõ the beast, dothsoddenly gripe it, at the very entrance and mouth of their receptacles,or closets before they can recouer meanes, to saue and succourthemselues.
Is hoc utitur astu. Cum in vivarium cuniculorum venit, eos nonlacessit cursu, non latratu terret, nec ullas inimicitias ostentat, sedvelut amicus aliud agens, taciturna solertia prætergreditur, observatisdiligenter eorum cuniculis.	This dogge vseth another craft and subteltie, namely, when he runnethinto a warren, or setteth a course about a connyburrough, he huntes notafter them, he frayes them not by barcking, he makes no countenance orshadow of hatred against them, but dissembling friendship, andpretending fauour, passeth by with silence and quietnesse, marking andnoting their holes diligently, wherin (I warrant you) he will not beouershot nor deceaued.
Eò cum pervenerit, ita se humi componit, ut & adversum ventumsemper habeat, & cuniculum lateat. Sic enim ille revertentis autexeuntis cuniculi odorem facilè sentit, & suus cuniculo omninotollitur, & prospectu fera fallitur.	When he commeth to the place where Connyes be, of a certaintie, hecowcheth downe close with his belly to the groũd, Prouided alwayes byhis skill and polisie, that ye winde bee neuer with him butagainst him in such an enterprise. And that the Connyes spie him notwhere he lurcketh.
Ad hunc modum compositus canis, & prostratus, aut exeuntemcuniculum & imprudentem in ipso specus ingressu versutè opprimit,aut revertentem excipit, atque ad latentem herum ore perducit.	By which meanes he obtaineth the sent and sauour of the Connyes,carryed towardes him with the wind & the ayre, either going to theirholes, or cõming out, eyther passing this way, or running that way, andso prouideth by his circumspection, that the selly simple Conny isdebarred quite from his hole (which is the hauen of their hope and theharbour of their health) and fraudulently circumuented and taken, beforethey can get the aduantage of their hole. Thus hauing caught his pray hecarryeth it speedily to his Master, wayting his Dogges returne in someconuenient lurcking corner.
Minor hic est sagaci illo, strigosior, & erectiore aure. Corporisfigura leporarium spurium diceres, si major esset. Et quamvis eo minormultò sit, uno tamen die tot potest capere, quot justum equi onus essepossunt. Dolus enim illi pro virtute est, & corporis agilitas.	These Dogges are somewhat lesser than the houndes, and they belancker & leaner, beside that they be somwhat prick eared.A man that shall marke the forme and fashion of their bodyes, maywell call them mungrell Grehoundes if they were somwhat bigger. Butnotwithstanding they counteruaile not the Grehound in greatnes, yet willhe take in one dayes space as many Connyes as shall arise to as bigge aburthen, and as heauy a loade as a horse can carry, for deceipt andguile is the instrument wherby he maketh this spoyle, which perniciousproperties supply the places of more commendable qualities.
Canis furax.	Of the Dogge called the theeuishe Dogge in Latine Canisfurax.
Huic similis canis furax est, qui jubente hero noctu progreditur,& sine latratu odore adverse persequens cuniculos, cursu prehenditquot herus permiserit, & ad heri stationem reportat. Vocant incolæcanem nocturnum, quòd venetur noctu. Sed hæc de iis qui ferasinsequuntur.	The like to that whom we have rehearsed, is the theeuishe Dogge,which at the mandate and bydding of his master steereth and leerethabroade in the night, hunting Connyes by the ayre, which is leuened withtheir sauour and conueyed to the sense of smelling by the meanes of thewinde blowing towardes him. During all which space of his hunting hewill not barcke, least he shoulde bee preiudiciall to his owneaduantage. And thus watcheth and snatcheth up in course as many Connyesas his Master will suffer him, and beareth them to his Masters standing.The farmers of the countrey and uplandishe dwellers, call this kinde ofDogge a nyght curre, because he hunteth in the darke. But let thus muchseeme sufficient for Dogges which serue the game and disport ofhunting.
	¶ A Diall pertaining to the first Section.
Venatici. Sagax. Hunde Terrarius. Leverarius. Sanguinarius. Terrare. Harier. Blud-hunde. Agasæus. Leporarius. Levinarius seu Lorarius. Vertagus. Gasehunde. Grehunde. Leviner, or Lyemmer. Tumbler.	Dogges seruing ye pastime of hunting beastes. are diuided into Hariers Terrars Bloudhounds Gasehounds Grehounds Leuiners or Lyemmers Tumblers Stealers In Latine called Venatici.
Ex generosis aucupatoriis.	[The seconde Section of this discourse.] Of gentle Dogges seruing the hauke, and first of the Spaniell,called in Latine Hispaniolus.
Qui aves, proximum locum habent. Eos Aucupatorios dici anteproposuimus.	Svch Dogges as serue for fowling, I thinke conuenient and requisiteto place in this seconde Section of this treatise. These are also to beereckoned and accounted in the number of the dogges which come of agentle kind, and of those which serue for fowling.
Hi ex generosorum numero etiam sunt, & duûm generum. Alii enimper sicca tantum venantur: Alii per aquas tantum aves persequuntur.	There be two sortes The first findeth game on the land. The other findeth game on the water.
Qui per sicca tantum, aut libero vestigio & latratu aveminvestigant & excitant, aut tacito indicio eandem commonstrant.	Such as delight on the land, play their partes, eyther by swiftnesseof foote, or by often questing, to search out and to spring the byrdefor further hope of aduauntage, or else by some secrete signe and priuytoken bewray the place where they fall.
Primum genus Accipitri servit; secundum reti.	The first kinde of such serue The Hauke, The seconde, The net, or, traine,
Hispaniolus. Peculiaria nomina primum genus non habet, nisi ab ave ad quamvenandam natura est propensius. Qua de causa falconarii hosphasianarios, hos perdiciarios, vocare solent.	The first kinde haue no peculier names assigned vnto them, saue onelythat they be denominated after the byrde which by naturall appointmenthe is alotted to take, for the which consideration. Some be called Dogges, For the Falcon The Phesant The Partridge and such like,
Vulgus tamen nostrum communi nomine Hispaniolos nominat, quasi exHispania productum istud genus primo esset. Omnes maxima ex partecandidi sunt: & si quas maculas habeant, rubræ sunt, raræ, &majores. Sunt & ruffi atque nigri, sed perpauci.	The common sort of people call them by one generall word, namelySpaniells. As though these kinde of Dogges came originally and first ofall out of Spaine, The most part of their skynnes are white, and if theybe marcked with any spottes, they are commonly red, and somewhat greattherewithall, the heares not growing in such thicknesse but that themixture of them maye easely bee perceaued. Othersome of them be reddisheand blackishe, but of that sorte there be but a very few.
Est & hodie novum genus ex Gallia advectum (ut novitatis omnessumus studiosi) sed ex toto in albo obfuscatum maculosè, quem Gallicanumvocitamus.	There is also at this day among vs a newe kinde of dogge brought outof Fraunce (for we Englishe men are maruailous greedy gaping gluttonsafter nouelties, and couetous coruorauntes of things that be seldom,rare, straunge, and hard to get.) And they bee speckled all ouer withwhite and black, which mingled colours incline to a marble blewe, whichbewtifyeth their skinnes and affordeth a seemely show of comlynesse.These are called French dogges as is aboue declared already.
Index.	The Dogge called the Setter, in Latine Index.
Secundum genus est, quod tacito pede atque ore avem quærit, &nutum juvantis heri sequitur, vel promovendo se, vel reducendo, vel inalterutram partem dextram aut sinistram declinando. Cum avem dico,Perdicem & Coturnicem intelligo.	Another sort of Dogges be there, seruiceable for fowling, making nonoise either with foote or with tounge, whiles they followe the game.These attend diligently vpon theyr Master and frame their conditions tosuch beckes, motions, and gestures, as it shall please him to exhibiteand make, either going forward, drawing backeward, inclining to theright hand, or yealding toward the left, (In making mencion of fowles,my meaning is of the Partridge & the Quaile)
Cum invenerit, cauto silentio, suspenso vestigio, & occultospeculatu, humiliando se prorepit, & cum propè est, procumbit, &pedis indicio locum stationis avium prodit: unde canem indicem vocareplacuit. Loco commonstrato, auceps exporrectum rete avi inducit.	when he hath founde the byrde, he keepeth sure and fast silence, hestayeth his steppes and wil proceede no further, and with a close,couert, watching eye, layeth his belly to the grounde and so creepethforward like a worme. When he approcheth neere to the place where thebirde is, he layes him downe, and with a marcke of his pawes betrayeththe place of the byrdes last abode, whereby it is supposed that thiskinde of dogge is called Index, Setter, being in deede a namemost consonant and agreable to his quality.
Quo facto, canis ad consuetum heri indicium seu vocabulum quam moxassurgit, & propinquiori præsentia aves perturbat, atque utinexplicabilius irretiantur, facit.	The place being knowne by the meanes of the dogge, the fowlerimmediatly openeth and spreedeth his net, intending to take them, whichbeing done the dogge at the accustomed becke or vsuall signe of hisMaster ryseth vp by and by, and draweth neerer to the fowle that by hispresence they might be the authors of their owne insnaring, and be readyintangled in the prepared net,
Lepus tympanum pulsat. Quod artificium in cane, animali domestico, mirum videri non debet,cum & lepus agreste animal, & saltare, & tympanumanterioribus pedibus numero pulsare tympanistarum more, & canemdente atque ungue petere, pedibusque crudeliter cædere, in Anglia visusest omnium admiratione, anno salutis nostræ 1564.	which conning and artificiall indeuour in a dogge (being a creaturedomesticall or householde seruaunt brought vp at home with offalls ofthe trencher & fragments of victualls,) is not much to be maruailedat, seing that a Hare (being a wilde and skippishe beast) was seene inEngland to the astonishment of the beholders, in the yeare of our LordeGod, 1564, not onely dauncing in measure, but playing with his formerfeete vppon a tabberet, and obseruing iust number of strokes (as apracticioner in that arte) besides that nipping & pinching a doggewith his teeth and clawes, & cruelly thumping him with yeforce of his feete.
Nec est vanum istud, eoque relatum lubentius, quòd operæ pretiumputarem, nihil prætereundum esse, in quo naturæ spectanda sitprovidentia.	This is no trumpery tale, nor trifling toye (as I imagine) andtherefore not vnworthy to bee reported, for I recken it a requitall ofmy trauaile, not to drowne in the seas of silence any speciall thing,wherin the prouidence and effectuall working of nature is to bepondered.
Aquaticus seu inquisitor.	Of the Dogge called the water Spaniell, or finder, in LatineAquaticus seu Inquisitor.
Qui per aquas aucupatur propensione naturali accedente mediocridocumento, major his est, & promisso naturaliter hirtus pilo. Egotamen ab armis ad posteriores suffragines, caudamque extremam, ad te(Gesnere) detonsum pinxi, ut usus noster postulat, quo pilis nudusexpeditior sit, & minus per natationes retardetur.	That kinde of Dogge whose seruice is required in fowling vpon thewater, partly through a naturall towardnesse, and partly by diligentteaching, is indued with that property. This sort is somewhat bigge, andof a measurable greatnesse, hauing long, rough, and curled heare, notobtayned by extraordinary trades, but giuen by natures appointment, yetneuerthelesse (friend Gesner) I have described and set him out inthis maner, namely powlde and netted from the shoulders to thehindermost legges, and to the end of his tayle, which I did for vse andcustoms cause, that beyng as it were made somewhat bare and naked, byshearing of such superfluitie of heare, they might atchiue the morelightnesse, and swiftnesse, and be lesse hindered in swymming, sotroublesome and needelesse a burthen being shaken of.
Aquaticus à nostris appellatur, ab aquis quas frequentat sumptaappellatione. Eo aut aves in aquis aucupamur (& præcipue anates;unde etiam anatarius dicitur, quod id excellenter facit) aut Scorpioneoccisas educimus, aut spicula sagittasve fallente ictu recuperamus, autamissa requirimus: quo nomine & canes inquisitores eosdemappellamus.	This kinde of dogge is properly called, Aquaticus, a waterspaniel because he frequenteth and hath vsual recourse to the waterwhere all his game & exercise lyeth, namely, waterfowles, which aretaken by the helpe & seruice of them, in their kind. And principallyduckes and drakes, wherupon he is lykewise named a dogge for the ducke,because in that quallitie he is excellent. With these dogges also wefetche out of the water such fowle as be stounge to death by anyvenemous worme, we vse them also to bring vs our boultes & arrowesout of the water, (missing our marcke) whereat we directed our leuell,which otherwise we should hardly recouer, and oftentimes they restore tovs our shaftes which we thought neuer to see, touche or handle againe,after they were lost, for which circumstaunces they are calledInquisitores, searchers, and finders.
Anatum fallaciæ. Quanquam Anas & canem & aucupem quoque egregiè subindefallat, tum urinando, tum etiam dolo naturali. Etenim si quis hominum,ubi incubant aut excludunt, propinquabit, egressæ matres venientibus sesponte offerunt, & simulata debilitate vel pedum vel alarum, quasistatim capi possint, egressus fingunt tardiores.	Although the ducke otherwhiles notably deceaueth both the dogge andthe master, by dyuing vnder the water, and also by naturall subtilty,for if any man shall approche to the place where they builde, breede,and syt, the hennes go out of their neastes, offering themseluesvoluntarily to the hãds, as it were, of such as draw nie their neasts.And a certaine weaknesse of their winges pretended, and infirmitie oftheir feete dissembled, they go so slowely and so leasurely, that to amans thinking it were no masteryes to take them.
Hoc mendacio sollicitant obvios, & eludunt, quoad profectilongius, à nidis avocentur; caventque diligenter revertendo, neindicium loci conversatio frequens faciat.	By which deceiptfull tricke they doe as it were entyse and allure mento follow them, till they be drawne a long distaunce from theyr neastes,which being compassed by their prouident conning, or conning prouidence,they cut of all inconueniences which might growe of their returne, byusing many carefull and curious caueates, least theyr often hauntingbewray ye place where the young ducklings be hatched. Greattherfore is theyr desire, & earnest is theyr study to take heede,not only to theyr broode but also to themselues.
Anati­cularum provi­dentia. Nec anaticularum studium segnius ad cavendum. Cum enim visas sepersentiscunt, sub cespitem confugiunt aut carectum, quorum obtectu tamcallidè proteguntur, ut lateant etiam deprehensæ, nisi fraudem canisodore detegat.	For when they haue an ynckling that they are espied they hidethemselues vnder turfes or sedges, wherwith they couer and shrowdethemselues so closely and so craftely, that (notwithstanding the placewhere they lurcke be found and perfectly perceaued) there they willharbour without harme, except the water spaniell by quicke smellingdiscouer theyr deceiptes.
Canis piscator.	Of the Dogge called the Fisher, in Latine CanisPiscator.
Canem piscatorem (de quo scribit Hector Boethus) qui inter saxapisces odore perquirit, nullum planè novi inter nostros, neque exrelatione aliquando audivi, etsi in ea re perscrutanda perdiscendaquediligentior fuerim inter piscatores & venatores:	The Dogge called the fisher, wherof Hector Boethus writeth,which seeketh for fishe by smelling among rockes & stones, assuredlyI knowe none of that kinde in Englande, neither haue I receaued byreporte that there is any suche, albeit I haue bene diligent & busiein demaunding the question as well of fishermen, as also of huntesmen inthat behalfe being carefull and earnest to learne and vnderstand of themif any such were,
Lutra. nisi Lutram piscem dicas, ut à multis creditur:	except you holde opinion that the beauer or Otter is a fishe (as manyhaue beleeued) & according to their beliefe affirmed,
Pupinus. quo modo & Pupinus avis piscis esse dicitur & habetur. Sedqui perquirit piscem (si quis perquirat) venationisne causa, an famisfaciat, more cæterorum canum, qui per inediam cadaverum morticinamcarnem appetere solent, tum demum ad te scribam, cum de ea re certiorfiam.	and as the birde Pupine, is thought to be a fishe and soaccounted. But that kinde of dogge which followeth the fishe toapprehend and take it (if there bee any of that disposition andproperty) whether they do this for the game of hunting, or for the heateof hunger, as other Dogges do which rather then they wil be famished forwant of foode, couet the carckases of carrion and putrifyed fleshe. WhenI am fully resolued and disburthened of this doubt I wil send youcertificate in writing.
Interim id scio, Ælianum & Aetium Lutram κύνα ποτάμιον solereappellare. Intelligo etiam Lutram hoc habere cum cane commune, quòd perinopiam piscium excursiones in terram faciat, atque agnos laniet,rursusque ad aquam satur redeat. Sed inter nostros canes is non est.	In the meane season I am not ignorant of that both Ælianus, andÆlius, call the Beauer κύνα ποτάμιον a water dogge, or adogge fishe, I know likewise thus much more, that the Beauer dothparticipate this propertie with the dogge, namely, that when fishes bescarse they leaue the water and raunge vp and downe the lande, making aninsatiable slaughter of young lambes vntil theyr paunches bereplenished, and whẽ they haue fed themselues full of fleshe, thenreturne they to the water, from whence they came. But albeit so much begraunted that this Beauer is a dogge, yet it is to be noted that werecken it not in the beadrowe of Englishe dogges as we haue done therest.
Phoca. Phoca etiam inter scopulos atque saxa prædatur piscem, sed in numerocanum nostratium habitus non est, etsi canis marinus à nostrisappelletur.	The sea Calfe, in like maner, which our country mẽ for breuitiesake call a Seele, other more largely name a Sea Vele, maketh aspoyle of fishes betweene rockes and banckes, but it is not accounted inthe catalogue or nũber of our Englishe dogges, notwithstanding we callit by the name of a Sea dogge or a sea Calfe. And thus much for ourdogges of the second sort called in Latine Aucupatorij, seruingto take fowle either by land or water.
	¶ A Diall pertaining to the second Section.
Aucupatorii. Hispaniolus. Spainel. Index. Setter. Aquaticus, seu Inquisitor. Water-spainel, or Fynder.	Dogges seruing the disport of fowling. are diuided into Land spaniels Setters Water spaniels or finders. called in latine Canes Aucupatorij The fisher is not of their number, but seuerall.
Ex generosis delicatis, Melitæus seu fotor.	[The thirde Section of this abridgement.] Nowe followeth in due order and conuenient place our Englishe Doggesof the thirde gentle kinde, what they are called to what vse they serue,and what sort of people plant their pleasure in thẽ, which because theyneede no curious canuassing and nye syfting, wee meane to bee so muchthe briefer. Of the delicate, neate, and pretty kind of dogges called the Spanielgentle, or the comforter, in Latine Melitæus or Fotor.
Est & aliud genus canum generosorum apud nos, sed extra horumordinem, quos Melitæos Callimachus vocat, à Melita insula in fretoSiculo (quæ hodie usu derivante Malta vulgo dicitur, & christianomilite nobilis existit) unde ortum id genus habuit maximè: atque àMelita Siculi Pachyni, ut author Strabo est.	There is, besides those which wee haue already deliuered, anothersort of gentle dogges in this our Englishe soyle but exempted from theorder of the residue, the Dogges of this kinde doth Callimachuscall Melitæos, of the Iseland Melita, in the sea ofSicily, (what at this day is named Malta, an Iseland indeede, famous and renoumed, with couragious and puisaunt souldioursvalliauntly fighting vnder the banner of Christ their vnconquerablecaptaine) where this kind of dogges had their principall beginning.
Perexiguum id est planè, & fœminarum lusibus ac deliciis tantumexpetitum, quibus, quo minus est, eo gratius est, ut sinu gestent incubiculis, & manu in pilentis,	These dogges are litle, pretty, proper, and fyne, and sought for tosatisfie the delicatenesse of daintie dames, and wanton womens wills,instrumentes of folly for them to play and dally withall, to tryfle awaythe treasure of time, to withdraw their mindes from more commendableexercises, and to content their corrupted concupiscences with vainedisport (A selly shift to shunne yrcksome ydlnesse.) These puppiesthe smaller they be, the more pleasure they prouoke, as more meete playfellowes for minsing mistrisses to beare in their bosoms, to keepecompany withal in their chambers, to succour with sleepe in bed, andnourishe with meate at bourde, to lay in their lappes, and licke theirlippes as they ryde in their waggons, and good reason it should be so,for coursnesse with fynenesse hath no fellowship, but featnesse withneatenesse hath neighbourhood enough. That plausible prouerbe verifiedvpon a Tyraunt, namely that he loued his sowe better then his sonne, maywell be applyed to these kinde of people who delight more in dogges thatare depriued of all possibility of reason, then they doe in childrenthat be capeable of wisedome and iudgement. But this abuse peraduentureraigneth where there hath bene long lacke of issue, or else wherebarrennes is the best blossome of bewty.
	The vertue which remaineth in the Spainell gentle otherwise calledthe comforter.
genus sanè ad omnia inutile, nisi quòd stomachi dolorem sedat,applicatum sæpius, aut in sinu ægri gestatum frequentius, calorismoderatione.	Notwithstanding many make much of those pretty puppies calledSpaniels gentle, yet if the question were demaunded what propertie inthem they spye, which shoulde make them so acceptable and precious intheir sight, I doubt their aunswere would be long a coyning. But seeingit was our intent to trauaile in this treatise, so that yereader might reape some benefite by his reading, we will communicatevnto you such coniectures as are grounded upon reason. And though somesuppose that such dogges are fyt for no seruice, I dare say, by theirleaues, they be in a wrong boxe. Among all other qualities therfore ofnature, which be knowne (for some conditions are couered with continualland thicke clouds, that the eye of our capacities can not pearse throughthẽ) wefind that these litle dogs are good to asswage the sicknesse of thestomacke being oftentimes thervnto applyed as a plaster preseruatiue, orborne in the bosom of the diseased and weake person, which effect isperformed by theyr moderate heate.
Quin & transire quoque morbos ægritudine eorum intelligitur,plerumque & morte: quasi malo in eos transeunte calorissimilitudine.	Moreouer the disease and sicknesse chaungeth his place and entreth(though it be not precisely marcked) into the dogge, which to be novntruth, experience can testify, for these kinde of dogges sometimesfall sicke, and sometime die, without any harme outwardly inforced,which is an argument that the disease of the gentleman, or gentle womanor owner whatsoeuer, entreth into the dogge by the operation of heateintermingled and infected.
Generosorum canum genus jam explicui: Nunc rusticum adjicio.	And thus haue I hetherto handled dogges of a gentle kinde whom I hauecomprehended in a triple diuisiõ. Now it remaineth that I annex in dueorder such dogges as be of a more homely kinde.
	A Diall pertaining to the thirde Section.
Delicati. Melitæus, seu Fotor. Spainel-gentle, or Comforter.	In the third section is cõtained one kind of dog which is calledthe Spaniell gentle or the cõforter, It is also called A chamber cõpanion, A pleasaunt playfellow, A pretty worme, generally called Canis delicatus.
Ex rusticis.	[The fourth Section of this discourse.] Dogges of a course kind seruing for many necessary vses called inLatine Canes rustici, and first of the shepherds dogge called inLatine Canis Pastoralis.
In eo memorabilia duo tantum genera sunt: pecuarium seu pastorale,& villaticum seu Molossum:	Dogges of the courser sort are The shepherds dogge The mastiue or Bandogge. These two are the principall.
alterum ad propellendas injurias ferarum, alterum adversus insidiashominum utile.	The first kinde, namely the shepherds hounde is very necessarye andprofitable for the auoyding of harmes and inconueniences which may cometo men by the meanes of beastes. The second sort serue to succouragainst the snares and attemptes of mischiefous men.
Pastoralis. Pastorale nostrum mediocre est, quòd illi cum Lupo, naturali pecoriinimico, res non est, cum apud nos nullus est, beneficio optimiprincipis Edgari, qui, quò genus universum deleretur, Cambris (apud quosin magna copia erant) vectigalis nomine in annos imperavit trecentoslupos.	Our shepherdes dogge is not huge, vaste, and bigge, but of anindifferent stature and growth, because it hath not to deale with thebloudthyrsty wolf, sythence there be none in England, which happy andfortunate benefite is to be ascribed to the puisaunt PrinceEdgar, who to thintent yt the whole countrey myght beeuacuated and quite cleered from wolfes, charged & commaunded thewelshemẽ (who were pestered with these butcherly beastes aboue measure)to paye him yearely tribute which was (note the wisedome of the King)three hundred Wolfes.
Lupi nulli in Britannia. Sunt qui scribunt Ludwallum Cambriæ principem pendisse annuatimEdgaro regi 3000 luporum tributi nomine, atque ita annis quatuor omnemCambriam atque adeo omnem Angliam orbasse lupis.	Some there be which write that Ludwall Prince of Wales paideyeerely to King Edgar three hundred wolfes in the name of anexaction (as we haue sayd before.) And that by the meanes hereof, withinthe compasse and tearme of foure yeares, none of those noysome, andpestilent Beastes were left in the coastes of England and Wales.
Edgarus. Regnavit autem Edgarus circiter annumDomini 959. A quo tempore non legimus nativum in Anglia visumlupum: advectum tamen quæstus faciundi causa ex alienis regionibus, utspectetur tantum, tanquam animal rarum & incognitum, sæpiusvidimus.	This Edgar wore the Crowne royall, and bare the Scepterimperiall of this kingdome, about the yeere of our Lorde, nyne hundredfifty, nyne. Synce which time we reede that no Wolfe hath bene seene inEngland, bred within the bounds and borders of this countrey, mary therehave bene diuers brought ouer from beyonde the seas, for greedynesse ofgaine and to make money, for gasing and gaping, staring, and standing tosee them, being a straunge beast, rare, and seldom seene in England.
Sed ad canem pastoralem. Is ad certam heri jubentis vocem, aut expugno concluso & inflato clariorem sibilum, errantes oves in eumlocum redigit, in quem pastor maximè desiderat; sic ut levi negotio,& immoto ferè pede, pastor quo velit modo ovibus moderetur, vel utse promoveant, vel gradum sistant, pedem referant, vel in hanc illamvepartem se inclinent.	But to returne to our shepherds dogge. This dogge either at thehearing of his masters voyce, or at the wagging and whisteling in hisfist, or at his shrill and horse hissing bringeth the wandring weathersand straying sheepe, into the selfe same place where his masters willand wishe is to haue thẽ, wherby the shepherd reapeth this benefite,namely, that with litle labour and no toyle or mouing of his feete hemay rule and guide his flocke, according to his owne desire, either tohaue them go forward, or to stand still, or to drawe backward, or toturne this way, or to take that way.
Etenim non ut in Gallia & Germania, non ut in Syria &Tartaria, sic in Anglia quoque oves pastorem sequuntur, sed contra,pastor oves. Quandoque etiam nullo procurrente aut circumeunte cane, adsolum ex pugno sibilum sese congregant palantes oves, metu canis credo,memores unà cum sibilo prodire quoque & canem solere.	For it is not in Englande, as it is in Fraunce, as it is inFlaunders, as it is in Syria, as it in Tartaria,where the sheepe follow the shepherd, for heere in our country thesheepherd followeth the sheepe. And somtimes the straying sheepe, whenno dogge runneth before them, nor goeth about & beside them, gatherthemselues together in a flocke, when they heere the sheepherd whistlein his fist, for feare of the Dogge (as I imagine) remembring this (ifvnreasonable creatures may be reported to haue memory) that the Doggecommonly runneth out at his masters warrant which is his whistle.
Id quod in itinere diligenter sæpius observavimus, ad pastorissibilum refrænantes equos, quo videremus rei experimentum. Eodem etiamcane ovem vel mactandum prehendit, vel sanandum pastor capit, nullaprorsus læsione.	This haue we oftentimes diligently marcked in taking our journey fromtowne to towne, when wee haue hard a sheepherd whistle we haue rayned inour horse and stoode styll a space, to see the proofe and triall of thismatter. Furthermore with this dogge doth the sheepherd take sheepe forye slaughter, and to be healed if they be sicke, no hurt orharme in the world done to the simple creature.
Villaticus seu Catenarius.	Of the mastiue or Bandogge called in Latine Villaticus orCathenarius.
Villaticum vastum genus est & robustum, corpore quidem grave& parum velox, sed aspectu truculentum, voce terrificum, &quovis Arcadico (qui tamen ex leonibus creditur provenire) potentiusatque acrius.	This kinde of Dogge called a mastyue or Bandogge is vaste, huge,stubborne, ougly, and eager, of a heuy and burthenous body, and therforebut of litle swiftnesse, terrible, and frightfull to beholde, and morefearce and fell then any Arcadian curre (notwithstãding they aresayd to hane their generation of the violent Lyon.)
Quòd villis fideliter custodiendis destinamus, cum metus est àfuribus, villaticum appellamus. His quoque utile id est contra vulpematque taxum, qui rem pecuariam faciunt.	They are called Villatici, because they are appoynted towatche and keepe farme places and coũtry cotages sequestred from commõrecourse, and not abutting vpon other houses by reason of distaunce,when there is any feare conceaued of theefes, robbers, spoylers, andnight wanderers. They are seruiceable against the Foxe and theBadger,
Valet etiam ad sues agrestes persequendos, domesticos è frugibus autarvis abigendos, taurosque capiendos atque retinendos, cum usus autvenatio postulat, singuli singulos, aut summum duo singulos, quamvisintractabiles.	to drive wilde and tame swyne out of Medowes, pastures, glebelandesand places planted with fruite, to bayte and take the bull by the eare,when occasion so requireth. One dogge or two at the vttermost,sufficient for that purpose be the bull neuer so monsterous, neuer sofearce, neuer so furious, neuer so stearne, neuer so vntameable.
Est enim acerrimum genus & violentum, formidabile etiam homini,quem non reformidat. Neque enim ad arma expavescit; quóque acrius fiat,assuescunt nostri naturam arte & consuetudine juvare.	For it is a kinde of dogge capeable of courage, violent and valiaunt,striking could feare into the harts of men, but standing in feare of noman, in so much that no weapons will make him shrincke, nor abridge hisboldnes. Our Englishe men (to th’ intent that theyr dogges might be themore fell and fearce) assist nature with arte, vse, and custome,
Etenim ursos, tauros, arctylos, aliaque fera animalia, præfectiscertaminum arctophylacibus, nullo millo, nullo corio defenses exagitare:sæpe etiam cum homine sude, clava, enseve armato concertare decent,atque ita ferociores acrioresque reddunt, & imperterritosfaciunt.	for they teach theyr dogges to baite the Beare, to baite the Bull andother such like cruell and bloudy beastes (appointing an ouerseer of thegame) without any collar to defend theyr throtes, and oftentimes theytraine them vp in fighting and wrestling with a man hauing for thesafegarde of his lyfe, eyther a Pikestaffe, a clubbe, or a swordeand by vsing them to such exercises as these, theyr dogges become moresturdy and strong.
Vis illis supra fidem, & pertinax mordacitas, usque adeo ut tresursum, quatuor vel leonem comprehendant.	The force which is in them surmounteth all beleefe, the fast holdewhich they take with their teeth exceedeth all credit, three of themagainst a Beare, fowre against a Lyon are sufficient, both to trymasteryes with them and vtterly to ouermatch them.
Henricus septimus. Quod videns aliquando (ut fama est) Henricus septimus, Angliæ rex prudentissimus,quotquot erant suspendi jussit, indignatus ut infimi & ignobilisgeneris canes, generoso leoni, & animalium regi violentiam inferant:memorabili exemplo subditorum, ne quid contra regem gens rebellisaudeat.	Which thing Henry the seuenth of that name, King of England (aPrince both politique & warlike) perceauing on a certaine time (asthe report runneth) commaunded all such dogges (how many soeuer theywere in number) should be hanged, beyng deepely displeased, andconceauing great disdaine, that an yll fauoured rascall curre shouldwith such violent villany, assault the valiaunt Lyon king of allbeastes. An example for all subiectes worthy remembraunce, to admonishethem that it is no aduantage to them to rebell against yeregiment of their ruler, but to keepe them within the limits ofLoyaltie.
Haud absimilis etiam historia de eo fertur, quod falconem quendamsuum, à falconariis vehementer laudatum, quòd in aquilam quidauderet, quam mox occidi jussit, ob eandem rationem. Hoc genus canis,etiam catenarium, à catena ligamento, qua ad januas interdiudetinetur, ne solutum lædat, & tamen latratu terreat,appellatur.	I reede an history aunswerable to this of the selfe sameHenry, who hauing a notable and an excellent fayre Falcon, itfortuned that the kings Falconers, in the presence and hearing of hisgrace, highly commended his Maiesties Falcon, saying that it feared notto intermeddle with an Eagle, it was so venturous a byrde and so mighty,which when the King harde, he charged that the Falcon should be killedwithout delay, for the selfe same reason (as it may seeme) which wasrehersed in the cõclusion of the former history concerning the sameking. This dogge is called, in like maner, Cathenarius, aCathena, of the chaine wherwith he is tyed at the gates, inye day time, least beyng lose he should doe much mischiefeand yet might giue occasion of feare and terror by his biggebarcking.
Cicero. Et quanquam Cicero[A] pro S. Ross. opinetur, si canes luce latrent, iis crurasuffringantur, nostri tamen homines propter securitatem vitæ atque reilonge aliter sentiunt.	And albeit Cicero[C] inhis oration had Pro. S. Ross. be of this opinion, that suchDogges as barcke in the broade day light shoulde haue their leggesbroken, yet our countrymen, on this side the seas for their carelessnesof lyfe setting all at cinque and sice, are of a contrary iudgement.
Fures. Nam furum apud nos plena sunt omnia, etiam luce, neque infamem mortemsuspendia metuunt.	For theefes roge vp & down in euery corner, no place is free fromthem, no not ye princes pallace, nor the country mans cotage.In the day time they practise pilfering, picking, open robbing, andpriuy stealing, and what legerdemaine lacke they? not fearing theshamefull and horrible death of hanging.
In causa est non curta res solum, sed vestis vitæque luxus atquefastus etiam, sed petulantia, sed otium & superbia Salaconumμεγαλοῤῥούντων, qui nihil aliud quàm ut equi insultare solo &gressus glomerare superbos, quàm gyro breviori flecti, qui nihil aliudquàm cevere, quàm otiosè mendicando accusata non merente corporisinfirmitate spoliare.	The cause of which inconuenience doth not onely issue from nippingneede & wringing want, for all yt steale, are not pinchedwith pouerty, but som steale to maintaine their excessiue and prodigallexpences in apparell, their lewdnes of lyfe, their hautines of hart,theyr wantonnes of maners, theyr wilfull ydlenes, their ambitiousbrauery, and the pryde of the sawcy Salacones’ μεγαλορρούντων vaine glorious and arrogant inbehauiour, whose delight dependeth wholly to mount nimbly on horsebacke,to make them leape lustely, spring and praunce, galloppe and amble, torunne a race, to wynde in compasse, and so forthe, liuing all togethervpon the fatnesse of the spoyle. Othersom therbe which steale, beingthereto prouoked by penury & neede, like masterlesse mẽ applyingthemselues to no honest trade, but raunging vp and downe impudentlybegging, and complayning of bodily weakenesse where is no want ofabilitie.
Valenti­nianus. Sed his Valentinianus imperator benè prospexit, legibus latis, ut quinullo corporis morbo laborantes, corporis infirmitatem desidiosiignavique prætexentes, mendicarent, perpetui colono ei inservirent, quieorum ignaviam proderet atque accusaret, ne eorum desidia onerosapopulo, odiosave sit exemplo.	But valiaunt Valentine th’emperour, by holsome lawes prouidedthat suche as hauing no corporall sicknesse, solde themselues tobegging, pleded pouerty wyth pretended infirmitie, & cloaked theirydle and slouthfull life with colourable shifts and cloudy cossening,should be a perpetuall slaue and drudge to him, by whom their impudentydlenes was bewrayed, and layde against them in publique place, leastthe insufferable slouthfullnes of such vagabondes should be burthenousto the people, or being so hatefull and odious, should growe into anexample.
Alfredi vigilantia. Alfredus quoque regno administrando tanta vigilantia justitiaque ususest, ut si quis per vias publicas incedens, marsupium auro plenumvesperi perdidisset, manè, atque adeo post mensem unum, integrum &intactum inveniret, uti Ingulphus Croylandensis in historia refert.	Alfredus likewise in the gouernment of his common wealth,procured such increase of credite to Justice and vpright dealing by hisprudent actes and statutes, that if a mã trauailing by the hygh way ofthe countrey vnder his dominion, chaunced to lose a budget full of gold,or his capcase farsed with things of great value, late in the euening,he should finde it where he lost it, safe, sound, and vntouched the nextmorning, yea (which is a wonder) at any time for a whole monethes spaceif he sought for it, as Ingulphus Croyladensis in his Historyrecordeth.
Nostra autem ætate, nihil ferè securum, ne in ædibus quidem, quamvisaccuratè conclusis.	But in this our vnhappy age, in these (I say) our deuelishedayes nothing can scape the clawes of the spoyler, though it be keptneuer so sure within the house, albe it the doores bee lockt and boultedround about. This dogge in like maner of Græcians is called οἰκουρος.
Canis custos.	Of the latinists Canis Custos, in Englishe the Doggekeeper.
Custos quoque (Græcis οἰκουρὸς) a custodiendis non solum villis, sed & mercatorum ædibus, & quibusampla res est domi, canis iste nominatur. Eam ob rem canes publicæalebantur Romæ in Capitolio, ut significent si fures venerint.	Borrowing his name of his seruire, for he doth not onely keepefarmers houses, but also merchaunts maisons, wherin great wealth,riches, substaunce, and costly stuffe is reposed. And therfore werecertaine dogges founde and maintained at the common costes and chargesof the Citizens of Rome in the place called Capitolium, togiue warning of theefes comming.
Canis laniarius.	This kind of dogge, is also called, In latine Canis Laniarius in Englishe the ButchersDogge.
Dicitur & Laniarium, quòd eorum usus multus sit laniis agendis& capiendis bestiis.	So called for the necessity of his vse, for his seruice affoordethgreat benefite to the Butcher as well in following as in taking hiscattell when neede constraineth, vrgeth, and requireth.
Molossicus.	This kinde of dogge is likewise called, In latine Molossicus or Molossus.
Sed & Molossicum quoque & Molossum latinis dicitur,à Molossia Epiri regione, ubi hoc genus canes boni & acreserant.	After the name of a countrey in Epirus called Molossia,which harboureth many stoute, stronge, and sturdy Dogges of this sort,for the dogges of that countrey are good in deede, or else their is notrust to be had in the testimonie of writers.
Mandatarius.	This dogge is also called, In latine Canis Mandatarius a Dogge messinger orCarrier.
Est ex hoc genere quem Mandatarium ex argumento appellamus: quòddomini mandato literas aliasve res de loco in locum transferat, velmellio inclusas, vel eidem alligatas. Quæ ne intercipiantur, vel pugna,vel fuga si impar sit, diligenter cavet.	Upon substanciall consideration, because at his masters voyce andcommaundement, he carrieth letters from place to place, wrapped vpcunningly in his lether collar, fastened therto, or sowed close therin,who, least he should be hindered in his passage vseth these helpes veryskilfully, namely resistaunce in fighting if he be not ouermatched, orelse swiftnesse & readinesse in running away, if he be vnable tobuckle with the dogge that would faine haue a snatch at his skinne.
Lunarius.	This kinde of dogge is likewise called, In latine Canis Lunarius, in Englishe the Mooner.
Est & Lunarium, quòd nihil aliud quàm excubias agit, quàminsomnes noctes totas protrahit baubando ad lunam, ut Nonii verboutar.	Because he doth nothing else but watch and warde at an ynche, wastingthe wearisome night season without slombering or sleeping, bawing &wawing at the Moone (that I may vse the word of Nonius)a qualitie in mine opinion straunge to consider.
Aquarius.	This kinde of dogge is also called. In latine Aquarius in Englishe a water drawer.
Ex quibus grandiores atque graviores, etiam rotæ amplioriscircumactu, aquam ex altis puteis ad usus rusticos hauriunt, quosAquarios appellamus ex officio:	And these be of the greater and the waighter sort drawing water outof wells and deepe pittes, by a wheele which they turne rounde about bythe mouing of their burthenous bodies.
Sarcinarius.	This kinde of dogge is called in like maner. Canis Sarcinarius in Latine, and may aptly be englished aTynckers Curre.
& sarctores ærarios vagos manticis ferendis memorabili patientialevant; à qua re sarcinarios nuncupamus.	Because with marueilous pacience they beare bigge budgettes fraughtwith Tinckers tooles, and mettall meete to mend kettels, porrige pottes,skellets, and chafers, and other such like trumpery requisite for theiroccupacion and loytering trade, easing him of a great burthen whichotherwise he himselfe should carry vpon his shoulders, which conditionhath challenged vnto them the foresaid name.
Defensor. Præter has villaticorum qualitates atque usus, hanc unam habentpræcipuam, quòd amantes dominorum sunt, & odium gerant in externos.Quo fit ut per itinera dominis in præsidio sunt, quos à furibusdefendunt, vivos salvosque conservant:	Besides the qualities which we haue already recounted, this kind ofdogges hath this principall property ingrafted in them, that they louetheir masters liberally, and hate straungers despightfully, wherevpon itfolloweth that they are to their masters, in traueiling a singulersafgard, defending them forceably from the inuasion of villons andtheefes, preseruing their lyfes from losse, and their health fromhassard, theyr fleshe from hacking and hewing with such like desperatedaungers.
a qua re etiam canes defensores jure dici possunt.	For which consideration they are meritoriously tearmed, In Latine Canes defensores defending dogges in our mothertounge.
Canum amor & fides. At si quando vel multitudine, vel majori vi opprimatur dominus atqueconcidat, usu compertum est, herum non deserere ne mortuum quidem, sedeum ad multos dies per famis & cœli injuriæ patientiam peramanterobservare, & homicidam, si occasio dabitur, interficere, aut saltemprodere vel latratu, vel ira, vel hostili insultu, quasimortem heri ulturum.	If it chaunce that the master bee oppressed, either by a multitude,or by the greater violence & so be beaten downe that he lyegroueling on the grounde, (it is proued true by experience) that thisDogge forsaketh not his master, no not when he is starcke deade: Butinduring the force of famishment and the outragious tempestes of theweather, most vigilantly watcheth and carefully keepeth the deadecarkasse many dayes, indeuouring, furthermore, to kil the murtherer ofhis master, if he may get any aduantage. Or else by barcking, byhowling, by furious iarring, snarring, and such like meanes betrayeththe malefactour as desirous to haue the death of his aforesayde Masterrigorouslye reuenged.
Kingestoune. Hujus rei exemplo fuit nostra memoria canis cujusdam viatoris, quiLondino recta Kingestonum, octo regum coronatione percelebre oppidum,profecturus, cum bonam itineris partem confecisset, latronum insidiis inComparco, valli amplo & spatioso, nemoribus obsito, &latrociniis infami loco, occubuit.	An examplehereof fortuned within the compasse of my memory. The Dogge of acertaine wayefaring man trauailing from the Citie of London directly tothe Towne of Kingstone (most famous and renowned by reason of thetriumphant coronation of eight seuerall Kings) passing ouer a goodportion of his iourney was assaulted and set vpon by certaineconfederate theefes laying in waight for the spoyle inComeparcke, a perillous bottom, compassed about wyth woddesto well knowne for the manyfolde murders & mischeefeous robberiestheyr committed. Into whose handes this passinger chaunced to fall, sothat his ill lucke cost him the price of his lyfe.
Canis item ille Britannus genere, quem Blondus sua memoria scribit,non longe Parisiis hero à rivali interempto, & homicidam prodidisse,& ni canis ultionem homicida deprecatus esset, jugulaturumfuisse.	And that Dogge whose syer was Englishe (which Blondusregistreth to haue bene within the banckes of his remẽbrance) manifestlyperceauyng that his Master was murthered (this chaunced not farre fromParis) by the handes of one which was a suiter to the same womã,whom he was a wooer vnto, dyd both bewraye the bloudy butcher, andattempted to teare out the villons throate if he had not sought meanesto auoyde the reuenging rage of the Dogge.
In incendiis quoque in conticinio seu intempesta nocte incidentibus,eo usque latrant annosi canes, etiam prohibiti, dum à domesticisexcitatis percipiatur focus; & tum sua sponte cessant à latratu,quod usu compertum est in Britannia.	In fyers also which fortune in the silence and dead time of thenight, or in stormy weather of the sayde season, the older doggesbarcke, ball, howle, and yell (yea notwithstandyng they bee roughlyrated) neyther will they stay their tounges till the householdeseruauntes, awake, ryse, searche, and see the burning of the fyre, whichbeyng perceaued they vse voluntary silence, and cease from yolping. Thishath bene, and is founde true by tryall, in sundry partes ofEngland.
Nec minor erat fides in eo cane qui domino profundam foveam pervenatum incidenti nunquam abfuit, dum sui unius indicio sublatus is perfunem fuit: in quem, cum oris cavernæ proximus esset, insiliebat canis,tanquam ulnis amplexurus revertentem herum, impatiens longiorismoræ.	There was no faynting faith in that Dogge, which when his Master by amischaunce in hunting stumbled and fell toppling downe a deepe dytchebeyng vnable to recouer of himselfe, the Dogge signifying his mastersmishappe, reskue came, and he was hayled up by a rope, whom the Doggeseeyng almost drawne up to the edge of the dytche, cheerefully saluted,leaping and skipping vpon his master as though he woulde haue imbracedhym, beyng glad of his presence, whose longer absence he was lothe tolacke.
Canum ingenia. Sunt qui focum non patiuntur dissipari, sed prunas in focum pederemovent, prius cogitabundi aspicientes qua ratione id possit à sefieri. Quod si pruna ardentior fuerit, cinere obruunt, ac dein nare inlocum promovent. Sunt quoque qui noctu villici officium præstant.	Some Dogges there be, which will not suffer fyery coales to lyeskattered about the hearthe, but with their pawes wil rake up theburnyng coales, musying and studying fyrst with themselues how it myghtconueniently be done. And if so bee that the coales cast to great aheate then will they buyry them in ashes and so remoue them forwarde toa fyt place wyth theyr noses. Other Dogges bee there which exequute theoffice of a Farmer in the nyghte tyme.
Cum enim lectum petit herus, & omnia centum ærei claudunt vectes,æternaque ferri robora, nec custos absistit limine Janus (ut scribitVirgilius) tum si prodire jubeat herus canem, is per fundos omnesoberrat, quovis villico diligentior, & si alienum quid inveneritsive hominem, sive bestiam, abigit, domesticis relictis animalibus atqueservis.	For when his master goeth to bedde to take his naturall sleepe, Andwhen, A hundred barres of brasse and yron boltes, Make all things safe from startes and from reuoltes. VVhen Ianus keepes the gate with Argos eye, That daungers none approch, ne mischiefes nye. As Virgill vaunteth in his verses, Then if his master byddeth him goabroade, he lingereth not, but raungeth ouer all his lands lying thereabout, more diligently, I wys, then any farmer himselfe. And if he findeanything their that is straunge and pertaining to other persons besideshis master, whether it be man, woman, or beast, he driueth them out ofthe ground, not medling with any thing which doth belong to thepossession and vse of his master.
Sed quanta in his fidelitas, tanta varietas in ingeniis.	But how much faythfulnes, so much diuersitie there is in theirnatures,
Nam sunt qui ore infræno latrent tantum nullo morsu; verum hi minustremendi, quòd timidiores sunt. Canes enim timidi vehementius latrant,ut est in proverbio. Sunt qui latrent atque mordeant.	For there be some, Which barcke only with free and open throate but will not bite, Which doe both barcke and byte, Which bite bitterly before they barcke, The first are not greatly to be feared, because they themselues arefearefull, and fearefull dogges (as the prouerbe importeth) barcke mostvehemently.
Ab his cavendum quidem, quia admonent futuræ injuriæ, sed nonlacessendum, quoniam ira concitantur ad dentem, ipsi etiam naturaacerbiores.	The second are daungerous, it is wisedome to take heede of them becausethey sounde, as it were, an Alarum of an afterclappe, and thesedogges must not be ouer much moued or prouoked, for then they take onoutragiously as if they were madde, watching to set the print of theirteeth in the fleshe. And these kinde of dogges are fearce and eager bynature.
Sunt qui sine voce prosiliunt, impetu involant, jugulum petunt, &crudelius lacerant. Hos formidato, quia ammosiores sunt, & incautosopprimunt.	The thirde are deadly, for they flye upon a man, without vtteraunce ofvoyce, snatch at him, and catche him by the throate, and most cruellybyte out colloppes of fleashe. Feare these kind of Curres, (if thou bewise and circumspect about thine owne safetie) for they bee stoute andstubberne dogges, and set vpon a man at a sodden vnwares.
Notæ ignaviæ aut audaciæ. Istis notis ignavum genus a strenuo, audax a timido discernuntnostri. Etenim ex malo genere, ne catulum quidem habendum existimant,quòd nullum necessariis usibus humanis commodiorem canem istoputent.	By these signes and tokens, by these notes and argumentes our mendiscerne the cowardly curre from the couragious dogge the bolde from thefearefull, the butcherly from the gentle and tractable. Moreouer theyconiecture that a whelpe of an yll kinde is not worthe the keeping andthat no dogge can serue the sundry vses of men so aptly and soconueniently as this sort of whom we haue so largely writtenalready.
Nam si quis commemoratos eorum usus ad summas velit revocare, quishominum clarius aut tanta vociferatione bestiam vel furem prædicat, quamiste latratu? quis domitor ferarum potentior? quis famulus amantiordomini? quis fidelior comes? quis custos incorruptior? quis excubitorvigilantior? quis ultor aut vindex constantior? quis nuncius expeditior?quis aquarius laboriosior? quis denique sarctor ærarius gestandissarcinis tolerantior?	For if any be disposed to drawe the aboue named seruices into atable, what mã more clearely, and with more vehemency of voyce giuethwarning eyther of a wastefull beast, or of a spoiling theefe then this?who by his barcking (as good as a burning beacon) foreshoweth hassardsat hand? What maner of beast stronger? what seruaũt to his master morelouing? what companion more trustie? what watchman more vigilant? whatreuenger more constant? what messinger more speedie? what water bearermore painefull? Finally what packhorse more patient?
Atque hæc quidem de canibus Britannicis generosis atque rusticis, quigenus suum servant, diximus.	And thus much concerning English Dogges, first of the gentle kinde,secondly of the courser kinde. Nowe it remaineth that we deliuer vntoyou the Dogges of a mungrell or a currishe kinde, and then will weeperfourme our taske.
	¶ A Diall pertaining to the fourth Section.
Rustici. Pastoralis. Shepherd’s Dog. Villaticus, seu Catenarius. Mastive, or Bandedog.	Dogs comprehended in ye fourth section are these The shepherds dogge The Mastiue or Bandogge, which hath sundry names diriued frõ sundry circũstances as The keeper or watch man The butchers dogge The messinger or carrier The Mooner The water drawer The Tinckers curr The fencer, called in Latine Canes Rustici.
Ex degeneribus.	[The fifth Section of this treatise.] Containing Curres of the mungrell and rascall sort and first of theDogge called in Latine, Admonitor, and of vs in Englishe VVappeor VVarner.
De degeneribus, & ex horum diverso genere mixtis, quòd nullaminsignem veri generis qualitatem formamque referant, non est quod velimplura scribere, sed ut inutiles ablegare, nisi quòd vel advenas latratuexcipiant, etiam luce, & eorum adventus domesticoscommonefaciant,	Of such dogges as keepe not their kinde, of such as are mingled outof sundry sortes not imitating the conditions of some one certainespice, because they resẽble no notable shape, nor exercise any worthyproperty of the true perfect and gentle kind, it is not necessarye thatI write any more of them, but to banishe them as vnprofitableimplements, out of the boundes of my Booke, vnprofitable I say for anyvse that is commendable, except to intertaine straũgers with theirbarcking in the day time, giuyng warnyng to them of the house, that such& such be newly come,
Admonitor. unde canes admonitores appellamus:	wherevpon we call them admonishing Dogges, because in that point theyperforme theyr office.
	Of the Dogge called Turnespete in Latine Veruuersator.
vel quòd in officio culinario, cum assandum est, inserviant, &rota minore gradiendo, verua circumagant, pondereque suo æquabiliterversent, ut ne calo aut lixa quidem artificiosius;	There is comprehended, vnder the curres of the coursest kinde, acertaine dogge in kytchen seruice excellent. For whẽ any meate is to beeroasted they go into a wheele which they turning rounde about with thewaight of their bodies, so diligently looke to their businesse, that nodrudge nor skullion can doe the feate more cunningly.
Versator. quos hinc canes versatores, seu veruversatores nostrum vulgusnominat: postremos omnium generum, quæ primo memoravimus.	Whom the popular sort herevpon call Turnespets, being the last of allthose which wee haue first mencioned.
Tympanista.	Of the Dogge called the Daunser, in Latine Saltator orTympanista.
Sunt etiam canes nostri degeneres & ad tympanum saltare, & adlyræ modos se movere docti, multaque alia erecti pronique facere, quæ àvagis quæstuosisque heris exequi didicerunt.	There be also dogges among vs of a mungrell kind which are taught andexercised to daunce in measure at the musicall sounde of an instrument,as, at the iust stroke of the drombe, at the sweete accent of theCyterne, & tuned strings of the harmonious Harpe showing many prettytrickes by the gesture of their bodies. As to stand bolte upright, tolye flat vpon the grounde, to turne rounde as a ringe holding theirtailes in their teeth, to begge for theyr meate, and sundry suchproperties, which they learne of theyr vagabundicall masters, whoseinstrumentes they are to gather gaine, withall in Citie, Country, Towne,and Village. As some which carry olde apes on their shoulders incoloured iackets to moue men to laughter for a litle lucre.
Lyciscus.	Of other Dogges, a short conclusion, wonderfully ingendred[B] within thecoastes of this country. Three sortes of them, The first bred of a bytch and a wolfe, In Latine Lyciscus. The second of a bytche and a foxe, In Latine Lacæna. The third of a beare and a bandogge, In Latine Vrcanus.
Lyciscum nullum istic in Anglia habemus nativum, ut ne lupum quidemut est ante comprehensum, nec aliud genus ullum præter Lacænam &Urcanum:	Of the first we haue none naturally bred within the borders ofEngland. The reason is for the want of wolfes, without whom no suchkinde of Dogge can bee ingendred. Againe it is deliuered vnto thee inthis discourse, how and by what meanes, by whose benefite, and withinwhat circuite of tyme, this country was cleerely discharged of rauenyngwolfes, and none at all left, no, not to the least number, or thebeginnyng of a number, which is an Vnari.
Lacæna. illam ex cane & vulpe (quam multam habet Anglia, & domi intercanes vel animi vel morbi causa sæpè alit)	Of the second sort we are not vtterly voyde of some, because this ourEnglishe soyle is not free from foxes (for in deede we are not without amultitude of them in so much as diuerse keepe, foster, and feede them intheir houses among their houndes and dogges, eyther for some maladie ofmind, or for some sicknesse of body,) which peraduenture the savour ofthat subtill beast would eyther mitigate or expell.
Urcanus. hunc ex urso & cane catenario; quos licet inimicos, prurienstamen libido sæpè ita hic conjungit, ut alibi solet.	The thirde kinde which is bred of a Beare and a Bandogge we want notheare in England, (A straunge & wonderfull effect, that cruellenimyes should enter into ye worke of copulation & bringforth so sauage a curre.) Undoubtedly it is euen so as we haue reported,for the fyery heate of theyr fleshe, or rather the pricking thorne, ormost of all, the tyckling lust of lechery, beareth such swinge and swayin them, that there is no contrairietie for the time, but of constraintthey must ioyne to ingender. And why should not this bee consonant totruth? why shoulde not these beastes breede in this lande, as well as inother forreigne nations?
Nam cum tigride Hircanos, cum leone Arcadicos, cum lupo Gallicoscommiscuisse legimus. In hominibus quoque quibus ratio est, inimicosanimos conciliat stulta illa res & naturalis, ut Moria loquitur.	For wee reede that Tigers and dogges in Hircania, that Lyonsand Dogges in Arcadia, and that wolfes and dogges inFrancia, couple and procreate. In men and women also lyghtenedwith the lantarne of reason (but vtterly voide of vertue) that foolishe,frantique, and fleshely action, (yet naturally sealed in vs) worketh soeffectuously, yt many tymes it doth reconcile enimyes, setfoes at freendship, vnanimitie, & atonement, as Moriamencioneth.
Est hic urcanus, sæva bestia, & intractabilis iræ (ut Gratiipoetæ verbis utar) cæteros canes nostros omnes feroci crudelitatesuperans, vel aspectus torvitate terribilis, in pugna acris &vehemens, tantaque mordacitate, ut citius discerpas quàm dissolvas; neclupum nec taurum, ursum aut leonem reformidat: vel cum cane illoAlexandri Indico certe conferendus. Sed de his hactenus ut deBritannicis verba fecimus.	The Vrcane which is bred of a beare and a dogge, Is fearce, is fell, is stoute and stronge, And byteth sore to fleshe and bone, His furious force indureth longe In rage he will be rul’de of none. That I may vse the wordes of the Poet Gratius, Thisdogge exceedeth all other in cruell conditions, his leering and fleeringlookes, his stearne and sauage vissage, maketh him in sight feareful andterrible, he is violent in fighting, & wheresoeuer he setteth histenterhooke teeth, he taketh such sure & fast hold that a man maysooner teare and rende him in sunder, then lose him and seperate hischappes. He passeth not for the Wolfe, the Beare, the Lyon, nor theBull, and may wortherly (as I thinke) be companiõ with Alexandersdogge which came out of India. But of these, thus much, and thusfarre may seeme sufficient.
Externi canes.	A starte to outlandishe Dogges in this conclusion, not impertinentto the Authors purpose.
Externos aliquos & eos majusculos, Islandicos dico &Littuanicos, usus dudum recepit: quibus toto corpore hirtis, obpromissum longumque pilum, nec vultus est, nec figura corporis.	Vse and custome hath intertained other dogges of an outlandishekinde, but a fewe and the same beyng of a pretty bygnesse, I meaneIseland, dogges curled & rough al ouer, which by reason of thelenght of their heare make showe neither of face nor of body.
Externa prælata. Multis tamen quòd peregrini sunt, & grati sunt, & inMelitæorum locum assumpti sunt: usque adeo deditum est humanum genusetiam sine ratione novitatibus. ἐρῶμεν ἀλλοτρίων, παρορῶμεν συγγενεῖς,miramur aliena, nostra non diligimus.	And yet these curres, forsoothe, because they are so straunge aregreatly set by, esteemed, taken vp, and made of many times in the roomeof the Spaniell gentle or comforter. The natures of men is so moued, nayrather marryed to nouelties without all reason, wyt, iudgement orperseueraunce. Ἐρῶμεν ἀλλοτριῶν, παρορῶμεν συγγενεῖς. Outlandishe toyes we take with delight, Things of our owne nation we haue in despight.
Neque hoc in canibus solum, sed in artificibus quoque usu venit.Nostros enim licet doctos & peritos fastidimus, belluam è longinquabarbarie alienoque solo profectam tanquam asinum Cumani, aut hominemThalem, nostri suspiciunt.	Which fault remaineth not in vs concerning dogges only, but forartificers also. And why? it is to manyfest that wee disdayne andcontempne our owne workmen, be they neuer so skilfull, be they neuer socunning, be they neuer so excellent. A beggerly beast brought out ofbarbarous borders, frõ the vttermost countryes Northward, &c., westare at, we gase at, we muse, we maruaile at, like an asse ofCumanum, like Thales with the brasen shancks, like the man in theMoone.
Id quod Hippocrates sub initio libri sui περὶ ἀγμῶν recte sua ætateobservavit, & nos libello nostro seu consilio de Ephemera Britannicaad populum Britannicum copiosius explicuimus.	The which default Hippocrates marcked when he was alyue, aseuidently appeareth in the beginnyng of his booke περὶ ἀγμῶν, so intituled and named: And we in our worcke entituled De Ephemera Britannica, tothe people of England haue more plentifully expressed.
Atque in hoc genere quo quisque indoctior, audacior, incogitantior,hoc pluris fit apud nostros, atque etiam apud torquatos istos principesatque proceres. Cæterum de externis canibus nihil dico, quòd deBritannicis tantum voto tuo satisfacere studeo, Conrade virdoctissime.	In this kinde looke which is most blockishe, and yet most waspishe, the same ismost esteemed, and not amonge Citizens onely and iolly gentlemen, butamong lustie Lordes also, and noble men, and daintie courtier rufflingin their ryotous ragges. Further I am not to wade in the foorde of thisdiscourse, because it was my purpose to satisfie your expectation with ashort treatise (most learned Conrade) not wearysome for me towryte, nor tedious for you to peruse.
Canis Getulus. Inter ea tamen quæ aliàs ad te dedi, de cane Getulo seorsum scripsi,quòd rara species ejus videbatur. De cætero genere, ipse plenissimèscribis. Verum cum longius jam produximus hunc libellum quàm priorem adte, brevius tamen quam pro natura rei, quòd habuimus rationem studiorumtuorum, memoriæ causa quæ de canibus Britannicis diximus, in diagrammareducemus.	Among other things which you haue receaued at my handes heretofore, Iremember that I wrote a seuerall description of the Getulian Dogge,because there are but a fewe of them and therefore very seldome scene.As touching Dogges of other kyndes you your selfe haue taken earnestpaine, in writing of them both lyuely, learnedly and largely. Butbecause wee haue drawne this libell more at length then the former whichI sent you (and yet briefer than the nature of the thing myght wellbeare) regardyng your more earnest and necessary studdies. I willconclude makyng a rehearsall notwithstanding (for memoryes sake) ofcertaine specialties contayned in the whole body of this mybreuiary.
Et quia vulgaribus nominibus delectaris, ut ex literis tuis didici,ea quoque Latinis apponemus, & singulorum rationes exponemus, quonihil tibi sit incognitum aut desideratum.	And because you participate principall pleasure in the knowledge ofthe common and vsuall names of Dogges (as I gather by the course of yourletters) I suppose it not amysse to deliuer vnto you a shorte tablecontayning as well the Latine as the Englishe names, and to render areason of euery particular appellation, to th’intent that no scruple mayremaine in this point, but that euery thing may bee sifted to the barebottome.
	A Diall pertaining to the fifte Section.
Degeneres. Admonitor. Versator. Saltator. Wappe. Turn-spit. Dancer.	Dogges contained in this last Diall or Table are The wapp or warner, The Turnespet, The dauncer, called in Latine Canes Rustici
	A Supplement or Addition, containing a demonstration of Dogges names how they had their Originall.
Ista vocabula nostratia cum nihil apud te, hominem peregrinum,loquantur sine interpretatione, ut Latinorum vocabulorum rationem priusreddidimus, ita Anglicorum jam reddemus, quo tibi pateant universa, eoetiam quo prius observato ordine.	The names contayned in the generall table, for so much as theysignifie nothing to you being a straunger, and ignoraunt of the Englishetounge, except they be interpreted: As we haue giuen a reason before ofye latine words so meane we to doe no lesse of the Englishethat euery thing maye be manyfest vnto your vnderstanding. Wherein Iintende to obserue the same order which I haue followed before.
Sagax.	The names of such Dogges as be contained in the first section.
Hunde igitur (quem inter venaticos sagacem diximus) a verbonostro hunte, quod apud nostros venari significat, unica tantum immutatalitera derivata appellatione, nomen habet. Quod si a vocabulo vestratihunde, (quod canem in universum apud vos significat) propter vocumsimilitudinem appellari credas (mi Gesnere) ut non magnopere repugnabo,cum adhuc retinemus multa Germanica vocabula, a Saxonibus cumAngliam occuparunt nobis relicta, ita illud admonebo, commune quidemnomen canis apud nos dogge esse, venatici vero canis hunde.	Sagax, in Englishe Hunde, is deriued of our English wordhunte. One letter chaunged in another, namely, T, into D, as Hunt,Hunde, whom (if you coniecture to be so named of your country wordeHunde which signifieth the generall name Dogge, because of thesimilitude and likenesse of the wordes I will not stand in contradiction(friende Gesner) for so much as we retaine among vs at this daymany Dutche wordes which the Saxons left at such time as theyoccupyed this country of Britane. Thus much also vnderstand, that as inyour language Hunde is the common word, so in our naturall toungedogge is the vniuersall, but Hunde is perticuler and a speciall,for it signifieth such a dogge onely as serueth to hunt, and therfore itis called a hunde.
Agasæus.	Of the Gasehounde.
Similiter à verbo nostrati, Gase, (quòd fixius rem aliquam &attentius contueri est) Gasehunde appellatur nostris, quem ante Agasæumnominari diximus. Neque enim odoratu, sed prospectu attento &diligenti feram persequitur iste canis, ut jam ante memoravimus; etsinon sum nescius etiam apud Latinos Agasæi vocabulum inter canum nominareperiri.	The Gasehounde called in latine Agasæus, hath his name of thesharpenesse and stedfastnesse of his eyesight. By which vertue hecompasseth that which otherwise he cannot by smelling attaine. As wehaue made former relation, for to gase is earnestly to viewe andbeholde, from whence floweth the deriuation of this dogges name.
Leporarius.	Of the Grehounde.
A Gre quoque, Grehunde apud nostros invenit nomen, quod præcipuigradus inter canes sit, & primæ generositatis. Gre enim apud nostrosgradum denotat. Hunc latinè Leporarium dicebamus.	The Grehounde called Leporarius, hath his name of this word,Gre, which word soundeth, Gradus in latine, in Englishe degree.Because among all dogges these are the most principall, occupying thechiefest place, and being simply and absolutely the best of the gentlekinde of houndes.
Levinarius.	Of the Leuyner or the Lyemmer.
A levitate Leviner, à loro Lyemmer, appellatur is quem Levinarium& Lorarium latinè nominavimus. Nam Lyemme nostra lingua, Lorumsignificat. Quod autem a levitate Leviner, hoc est a latina voceBritannicam, diducimus: cur in libris nostris sparsim a Græcisdictionibus & Latinis Italicis & Germanicis, Gallicis &Hispanicis nostratia multa derivamus, unde ortum eadem multahabuerunt:	This dogge is called a Leuyner, for his lyghtnesse, which in latinesoundeth Leuitas, Or a Lyemmer which worde is borrowed of Lyemme,which the latinists name Lorum: and wherefore we call him aLeuyner of this worde Leuitas? (as we doe many things besides)why we deriue and drawe a thousand of our tearmes, out of theGreeke, the Latine, the Italian, the Dutch,the French, and the Spanishe tounge? (Out of whichfountaines in deede, they had their originall issue.)
Lib. de symphonia. & quemadmodum ab origine sua etiam multa per corruptionem jamdeclinarunt, libello nostro de symphonia seu consonantia vocumBritannicarum fusius explicabimus.	How many words are buryed in the graue of forgetfulnes? growne out ofvse? wrested awrye? and peruersly corrupted by diuers defaultes? we wildeclare at large in our booke intituled, Symphonia vocumBritannicarum.
Vertagus.	Of the Tumbler.
Postremus inter venaticos Vertagus est, quem Tumbler vocitamus; quòdtumble apud nos vertere est Latinis, & tumbiere Gallis, unde ortumhabet id nomen Tumbler, mutata vocali in liquidam nostro more: contraquàm in lingua Gallica & Italica, in quibus liquida ante vocalem,magna ex parte in aliam vocalem vertitur, ut impiere & piano, proimplere & plano, quæ exempli gratia adduce, cum infinita sint.	Among houndes the Tumbler called in latine Vertagus, is thelast, which commeth of this worde Tumbler flowyng first of al out of theFrench fountaine. For as we say Tumble so they, Tumbier,reseruing one sense and signification, which the latinists comprehendevnder this worde Vertere, So that we see thus much, that Tumblercommeth of Tumbier, the vowell, I, chaunged into theLiquid, L, after ye maner of our speache. Contrary tothe French and the Italian tounge. In which two languages, ALiquid before a Vowell for the most part is turned intoanother Vowell, As, may be perceaued in the example of these twowordes, Implere & plano, for Impiere &piano, L, before, E, chaunged into, I, and L, before A, turnedinto I, also. This I thought conuenient for a taste.
Aucupatorii.	The names of such Dogges as be contained in the second Section.
Post Venaticos sequuntur Aucupatorii; inter quos primus estHispaniolus, quem ab Hispania voce nomen accepisse prius diximus. Nostriomissa aspiratione & prima vocali, Spainel & Spaniel expeditisermonis causa proferunt.	After such as serue for hunting orderly doe follow such as serue forhawking and fowling, Among which the principall and chiefest is theSpaniell, called in Latine Hispaniolus, borrowing his name ofHispania Spaine, wherein wee Englishe men not pronouncing theAspiration H, Nor the Vowell I, for quicknesse and redinesse ofspeach say roundly A Spaniell.
Index.	Of the Setter.
Secundus Index, quem nostri a Setter nominare solent, a verbosette, quod locum designare nostris Britannis significat.	The second sort of this second diuision and second section, is calleda Setter, in latine Index, Of the worde Set which signifieth inEnglishe that which the Latinistes meane by this word Locumdesignare, ye reason is rehersed before more largely, itshall not neede to make a new repetition.
Aquaticus.	Of the water Spaniell or Finder.
Post hunc subsequitur aquaticus, hoc est a Waterspainel,a vocibus Water & Spaine (hoc est aqua & Hispania) deductonomine. Nam aqua, in qua se exercet canis iste, Water; & Hispania(unde primum genus hoc tractum ex nomine creditur) Spaine apud nostrosvocitatur.	The water Spaniell consequently followeth, called in LatineAquaticus, in English a waterspaniell, which name is compounde of twosimple wordes, namely Water, which in Latine soũdeth Aqua,wherein he swymmeth. And Spaine, Hispania, the country frõwhence they came,
Non quòd isti canes non sint etiam nativi in Britannia, sed quòdgenerale & commune nomen canum, qui ex Hispania primò profectiputantur, istæ canum species (ut & cæteri Aucupatorii) adhuc vulgoreferunt, etsi in Britannia oriantur, & peculiari aliqua vocis nota,aut qualitatis indicio secernantur apud nos; ut est ista species vocisWater, hoc est aquæ, appositione.	Not that England wanted such kinde of Dogges, (for they are naturallybred and ingendred in this country.) But because they beare the generalland common name of these Dogges synce the time they were first broughtouer out of Spaine. And wee make a certaine difference in this sort ofDogges, eyther for some thing which in theyr voyce is to be marked, orfor some thing which in their qualities is to be considered, as for anexample in this kinde called the Spaniell by the apposition and puttingto of this word water, which two coupled together soundewaterspaniell.
Inquisitor. Alio etiam nomine a Finder canis iste appellatur, quòd quærendoinvenit res deperditas, quæ res nostris, fynde, hoc est invenire,dicitur. Nos tamen ab inquirendo latinum nomen huic fecimus, quòdpræcipua pars inventionis in inquirendo est.	He is also called a fynder, in Latine Inquisitor, because thatby serious and secure seeking, he findeth such things as be lost, whichword Finde in English is that which the Latines meane by thisVerbe Inuenire. This dogge hath this name of his property becausethe principall point of his seruice consisteth in the premisses.
	The names of such Dogges as be contained in the thirde Section.
A venaticis & aucupatoriis transitus est ad Delicatos, Rusticos,& Degeneres.	Now leauing the suruie we of hunting and hauking dogs, it remaineththat we runne ouer the residue, whereof some be called, fine dogs, somecourse, other some mungrels or rascalls.
Delicati. Delicatum, Melitæum & Spainel gentle, hoc est Hispaniolumgenerosum, nominavimus, à generositatis nomine data appellatione,quòd inter nobiles viros atque fœminas versari, & iis in deliciisatque ad lusus esse consuevit: ut erat illud Gorgonis κυνίδιον apudTheocritum in Syracusiis, quod discedens servæ diligentiæ pari cura cuminfante commiserat, ut catellum quidem illa intro revocaret, puerum veròvagientem placaret.	The first is the Spaniell gentle called Canis Melitæus,because it is a kinde of dogge accepted among gentles, Nobles, Lordes,Ladies, &c. who make much of them vouchsafeing to admit them sofarre into their company that they will not onely lull them in theyrlappes, but kysse them with their lippes, and make them theyr prettieplayfellowes. Such a one was Gorgons litle puppie mencioned byTheocritus in Siracusis, who taking his iourney,straightly charged & commaunded his mayde to see to his Dogge ascharely and warely as to his childe: To call him in alwayes that hewandred not abroade, as well as to rock the babe a sleepe, crying in thecradle.
Ad alia omnia inutilis canis iste est, nisi ad ea quæ jam antediximus, nisi ad fovendum stomachum debilitatum frigore, nisi adprodendum adulterium, quod fecisse hujus generis catellum quendamSiculum refert Ælianus, libro septimo, capite vicesimo quintoanimalium.	This puppitly and peasantly curre, (which some frumpingly tearmefysteing hounds) serue in a maner to no good vse except, (As we hauemade former relation) to succour and strengthen quailing and quammningstomackes to bewray bawdery, and filthy abhominable leudnesse (which alitle dogge of this kinde did in Sicilia) As Ælianus inhis .7. bookeof beastes and .27. chapter recordeth.
Rustici.	The names of such dogges as be contained in the fourth Section.
Rusticos, Shepeherdes dogges, Mastives, & Bandedoggesnominavimus: illorum quidem deducto nomine a pastore, qui Shepeherdeapud nos dicitur, quòd custodit oves, quæ nostris, Shepe, appellantur:istorum a ligamento, quod Bande, & Sagina, quod maste, villicisnostris hominibus dicitur.	Of dogges vnder the courser kinde, wee will deale first with theshepherds dogge, whom we call the Bandogge, the Tydogge, or the Mastyue,the first name is imputed to him for seruice Quoniam pastorifamulatur, because he is at the shepherds his masters commaundement.The seconde a Ligamento of the band or chaine wherewith he istyed, The thirde a Sagina, Of the fatnesse of his body.
Est enim crassum genus canum, & bene saginatum catenarium hoc.Etsi non sum nescius Augustinum Niphum, Mastinum (mastivum nostridicunt) pecuarium existimare: & Albertum Lyciscum ex cane & lupogenitum esse scribere: quamvis idem pro Molosso magna ex partevertat.	For this kinde of dogge which is vsually tyed, is myghty, grosse, andfat fed. I know this that Augustinus Niphus, calleth thisMastinus (which we call Mastiuus.) And that Albertuswriteth how the Lyciscus is ingendred by a beare and a wolfe.Notwithstanding the self same Author taketh it for the most part proMolosso. A dogge of such a countrey.
Versator.	The names of such dogges as be contained in the fifte Section.
Ad postremum, degeneres Wappe & Turnespete nominari dicebamus:hunc a verbo nostrati turne, quòd est verto & spete, seu spede adimitationem Italorum, quod veru dicitur; illum a naturali canis voceWau, quam in latratu edit admonendo.	Of mungrels and rascalls somwhat is to be spoken. And among these, ofye VVappe or Turnespet, which name is made oftwo simple words, that is, of Turne, which in latine soundethVertere, and of spete which is Veru, orspede, for the Englishe word inclineth closer to the Italianimitation: Veruuersator, Turnspet.
Unde, originaliter Waupe dicendum fuit. Sed euphoniæ bonæqueconsonantiæ gratia, vocali in consonantem mutata, Wappe a nostrisvocitatur. Etsi non me fugit Nonium, a voce naturali Bau, formaresuum baubari, non a Wau, quemadmodum & Græci à suo βαύζειν.	He is called also VVaupe, of the naturall noise of his voyceVVau, which he maketh in barcking. But for the better and theredyer sounde, the vowell, u, is chaunged into the cõsonant, p, soyt for waupe we say wappe. And yet I wot well thatNonius boroweth his Baubari of the natural voyceBau, as the Græcians doe their βάυζειν of wau.
Saltator. Jam verò quod dansare nostris, saltare sit Latinis, si didiceris, nonest de canis saltatoris nostrati nomine amplius quod ipse expetas.	Now when you vnderstand this that Saltare in latine signifiethDansare in Englishe. And that our dogge therevpon is called adaunser and in the latine Saltator, you are so farre taught asyou were desirous to learne, And now suppose I, there remaineth nothing,but that your request is fully accomplished.
	The winding vp of this worke, called theSupplement, &c.
Ita habes (mi Gesnere) non solum canum nostratium genera, sed &nomina quoque Latina atque Anglica, officia atque usus, differentiasatque mores, naturas & ingenia, ut non sit quod desideres in hocargumento amplius.	Thus (Friend Gesner) you haue, not only the kindes of ourcountrey dogges, but their names also, as well in latine as inEnglishe, their offices, seruices, diuersities, natures, &properties, that you can demaunde no more of me in this matter.
Et quanquam forsan omni ex parte non satisfecerim tibi in edendo (cuiin desideriis omnis festinatio in mora esse videatur) quòd inhibuerimeditionem rudioris illius libelli, quem ad te tanquam ad privatumamicum, non ad editionem publicam ante annos quinque dederim; tamen inhoc spero me satisfecisse tibi, quòd mora fecit aliquanto meliorem,& δεύτεραι φροντίδες lectu commodiorem.	And albeit I haue not satisfied your minde peraduẽture (whosuspectest al speede in the performaunce of your requeste employed, tobe meere delayes) because I stayde the setting fourth of that vnperfectpamphlet which, fiue yeares ago, I sent to you as a priuate friende foryour owne reeding, and not to be printed, and so made common, yet I hope(hauing like the beare lickt ouer my younge) I haue waded in this worketo your contentation, which delay hath made somewhat better and δευτέραι φροντίδες,after witte more meete to be perused.
Joannis Caii Britanni de Canibus Britannicis libelli finis. Iste liber scriptus fuit ante mortem Gesneri, etsi non antepublicatus, ut est ille de rariorum animalium atque stirpiumhistoria.	The ende of this treatise. FINIS.

[The Text]

The editor’s general introduction says:

In this volume no attempt has been made to produce a facsimile reprint. Even if such a design had been entertained, the great variety of form in which the original editions were issued would have made it impossible to carry out the re-issue with any uniformity. Obvious misprints have been corrected, but where a difference in spelling in the same work or on the same page—e.g. baccalarius, baccalaureus—is clearly due to the varying practice of the writer and not to the printer, the words have been left as they stood in the original. On the other hand the accents in the very numerous Greek quotations have been corrected.