Ancient America, in Notes on American Archaeology - John D. Baldwin

Maize, did Indians get it from Mound-Builders? 35.
Malays, their ancient empire, [167-8];
their navigation of the Pacific, [168];
spread of their dialects, [168];
came to America, [169], [170], [272];
El Masúdí on the Malays, [168];
were not civilizers in America, [170-1];
ruins of Malayan cities in Java, [163-9].
Manco-Capac a fiction of the Incas, [260-1];
discarded by Montesinos and other early Spanish writers, [261], [269].
Mandan Indians supposed Mound-Builders, [74].
Mayas first seen by Columbus, [209];
their phonetic alphabet preserved, [191];
descendants of the first civilizers, [170].
Mexican cities noticed by Spaniards, [211], [215];
what Montezuma said of his building materials, [209].
Mexican “picture-writing” a peculiarity of the Aztecs, [221];
much inferior to the Maya writing, [221];
something like it at Chichen-Itza, [143];
Aztecs could not have left such inscriptions as those seen in the ruined cities, [221].
Mexican ruins in the central region, [89-92];
Tulha, [89];
Xochicalco, [89], [90];
Papantla, [91], [92];
Cholula, [90];
Teotihuacan, [90];
pyramids with galleries, [91];
unexplored antiquities in this region, [91].
Mining works of Mound-Builders, [43-6];
mining method of the Mound-Builders, [43];
ound, [44], [46];
they left a detached mass of copper in a mine, [43-4];
antiquity of their mining works, [46], [53], [64].
Mitla, its ruins show refined skill in the builders, [118], [121];
the decorations, [121];
present state of the ruins, [117-122].
Montesinos, Fernando, explored and studied Peru fifteen years, [261];
unequaled in knowledge of its antiquities and traditional history, [263];
his means of information, [262];
how historical narratives and poems were preserved by the amautas, [263];
how literature can be preserved by trained memory, [262-3];
Homer and the Vedas, [262-3].
Montesinos on Peruvian history, [264-7];
there were three distinct periods, [264];
he rejects the Manco-Capac fable, [264];
does not begin the history with such stories, [264];
reports 64 kings in the first period, [264];
his account of the Peruvian sovereigns, [264-7];
the art of writing existed in the older time, [265];
how the first period closed, [266];
the second period, for 1000 years, a period of invasions, divisions, small states, and general decline of civilization, [264], [267];
in this period the art of writing was lost, [267];
in it the 26 successors of the 64 kings were merely kings of Tambotoco, [266];
how this period ended, [267-8];
the third period began with Rocca, the first Inca, [267];
why Montesinos has not been duly appreciated, [268-9];
his facts stand apart from his theories, [268];
probabilities favor his report of three periods, [270-1].
Montezuma on his building-material, [209].
Morgan, Lewis H., on the Indians, [59], [60], [66].
Mound-Builders, their national name unknown, [14], [57];
their mound-work and its uses, [17-19];
like mound-work in Mexico and Central America, [70], [71], [72];
their civilization, [33-39];
used wood for building material, [70], [71];
their inclosures, [19-24];
their works at the south, [24], [27];
their principal settlements, [30], [31], [34];
their border settlements, [52];
had commerce with Mexico, [73];
relics of their manufactures, [40], [41], [61];
their long stay in the country, [51-55];
were not ancestors of wild Indians, [58-61];
came from Mexico, [70];
were connected with Mexico through Texas, [73];
probably were Toltecs, [74], [200-3].
Muyscas, their civilization, [271].

Nahuatl or Toltec chronology, [203-4].
Natchez Indians, were they degenerate Mound-Builders, [58], [56].
Northmen in America, [279-85];
they discovered Greenland, [280];
their settlements in Greenland, [280-1], [284];
Biarni’s constrained voyage to Massachusetts in 985 A.D., [163], [281];
subsequent voyages to New England, [281-4];
encounters with the Indians, [282], [283];
the Norse settlements in Vinland were probably lumbering and trading establishments, [284];
not people enough in Greenland and Iceland to make extensive settlements, [284];
written narratives of these discoveries, [279-80].

Origin of Mexican and Central American civilization, theories of, [165-183];
the “lost tribes” theory absurd, [166-7];
the Malay theory untenable, [170-1];
the Phœnician theory fails to explain it, [173-4];
the Atlantic theory explained by Brasseur de Bourbourg not likely to be received, [182];
it was an original American civilization, [184];
may have begun in South America, [185], [246], [272-3].
Orton, Prof., on Peruvian antiquity, [273], [274].

Pacific islands, their antiquities, [288-92].
Palenque, Stephens’s first view of, [100];
this city’s name unknown, [104];
supposed to have been the ancient Xibalba, [199];
some of its ruins described, [105-9];
extent of the old city can not be determined, [96], [105];
difficulties of exploration, [105], [110];
the cross at Palenque, [109];
aqueduct, [105].
Papantla, its remarkable stone pyramid, [91], [92];
important ruins in the forests of Papantla and Misantla, [91].
Paper, Peruvian name of, [267];
manufacture of, for writing, proscribed in the second period of Peruvian history, [267].
Peruvian ancient history, [257-67].
Peruvian civilization, [246];
differed from Central American, [222-3], [246];
is seen in the civil and industrial organization, [247];
in their agriculture, [247];
in their manufactures, [247-51];
their dyes, [247-8];
their skill in gold-work, [249];
the abundance of gold-work, [249-50];
their schools of the amautas, [253], [263];
their literature, [255];
anciently had the art of writing, [255], [267];
had names for iron, and said to have worked iron mines, [248-9].
Peruvian ruins, where found, [222], [237];
they represent two periods of civilization, [226];
remains on islands in Lake Titicaca, [227-8];
at Tiahuanaco, [233-4];
remarkable monolithic gateways, [233-4];
at old Huanuco, [239-40];
at Gran-Chimu, [237-8];
ruins of a large and populous city, [237];
Cuelap, [239];
Pachacamac, [243];
subterranean passage under a river, [243];
the aqueducts, [222], [237], [243];
the great roads, [243-6];
ruins at Cuzco, [234].
Phœnicians, or people of that race, came probably to America in very ancient times, [172], [173];
decline of geographical knowledge around the Ægean after Phœnicia was subjugated, about B.C. 813, [272-3];
supposed Phœnician symbols in Central America, [186];
Phœnician race may have influenced Central American civilization, but did not originate it, [173], [185];
Tyrians storm-driven to America, [162], [163].
Pizarro seeks Peru, [224-5];
discovers the country, [225];
goes to Spain for aid, [225];
finally lands at Tumbez, [225];
marches to Caxamalca, [220];
perpetrates wholesale murder and seizes the Inca, [220];
the Inca fills a room with gold for ransom, and is murdered, [220], [249].
“Popol-Vuh,” an old Quiché book translated, [192];
what it contains, [193];
Quiché account of the creation, [194];
four attempts to create man, [194-5];
its mythology grew out of an older system, [193-4];
kingdom of Quiché not older than 1200 A.D., [193].
Pueblos, [76], [77];
Pueblo ruins, [77-89];
occupied northern frontier of the Mexican race, [68], [217-18];
unlike the wild Indians, [67-8].

Quichés, notices of, [193].
Quippus, Peruvian, [254-5].
Quirigua, its ruins like those of Copan, but older, [114];
it is greatly decayed, [117];
has inscriptions, [117].
Quito subjugated by Huayna-Capac, [225];
was civilized like Peru, [270];
modern traveler’s remark on, [276].

Savage theory of human history, [182].
“Semi-Village Indians,” [67], [68].
Serpent, figures of, [28];
great serpent inclosure, [28].
Simpson, Lieut., describes a Pueblo ruin, [88], [89].
Spinning and weaving in Peru, [247];
vestiges of these arts among the Mound-Builders, [41];
the Mayas had textile fabrics, [209].
Squier on the Aztecs, [92];
on the more southern ruins in Central America, [123], [124];
on the monoliths of Copan, [112];
on Central American forests, [94];
on the ruins of Tiahuanaco, [234].

Telescopic tubes of the Mound-Builders, [42];
silver figure of a Peruvian using such a tube, [254];
such a tube on a Mexican monument, [123].
“Tennis Court” at Chichen-Itza, [142].
Titicaca Lake, its elevation above sea-level, [236].
Tlascalans, what Cortez found among them, [210];
their capital, [211];
aided the Spaniards, [211].
Toltecs identified with the Mound-Builders, [201-205];
how they came to Mexico, [201], [202];
date of their migration, [204].
See [Huehue Tlapalan].
Tuloom, in Yucatan, [150].

Uxmal described, [131-137];
more modern than Palenque, [155];
partly inhabited, perhaps, when Cortez invaded Mexico, [131], [155].

Valley of Rio Verde, its ruins, [82], [85].

Wallace, A. R., on ruins in Java, [168-9].
Welsh, the, in America, [285-7];
Prince Madog’s emigration, [285];
his colony supposed to have been destroyed or absorbed by the Indians, [286];
letter of Rev. Morgan Jones on his “travels” among the Doeg Indians who spoke Welsh, [286-7].
Whipple, Lieut., on Pueblo ruins, [78-85].
Whittlesey on the ancient mining, [46], [54].
Wilson’s discoveries in Ecuador, [274-5].
Writing, phonetic, among the Mayas, [187-91];
Aztec writing much ruder, [221];
writing in Peru, [254-6], [267];
Peruvian books of hieroglyphics, [256];
such writing on a llama skin found at Lake Titicaca, [256].