[481] W. Gooch, Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xi. (1882), p. 124; Seton Karr, “Discov. of Evid. Paleolith. Age in Somaliland,” Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xxv. (1896), p. 271; X. Stainier, “L’âge de la pierre au Congo,” Annales Mus. du Congo, 3rd series (Anthr.), vol. i., part 1, Brussels, 1899 (with plates).
[482] R. Collignon, “Les âges de la pierre en Tunisie,” Mater. Hist. Nat. Homme, 3rd series, vol. iv., Toulouse, 1887; Couillault, “Station préhist. Gafsa,” L’Anthropologie, vol. v., 1894, p. 530; Zaborowski, “Period néolith. Afr. du nord,” Rev. Ec. Anthr., Paris, 1899, p. 41.
[483] See for details, R. Andree, “Steinzeit Afrikas,” Globus, vol. xli. (1882), p. 169; and X. Stainier, loc. cit., p. 18.
[484] Recent discoveries of stone objects in Egypt have revived the question of Asiatic or European influence in Africa. While Flinders Petrie, De Morgan, and others suppose that Petrie’s “new race” of the neolithic period which preceded Egyptian civilisation in the Nile valley is related to the Libyans coming from the north-west of Africa, and perhaps from Europe, Schweinfurth (Zeitsh. f. Ethnol., 1897; Verhandl., p. 263) thinks that these neolithic people were immigrants from Arabia (Semites?), who had come into the Nile valley from the south, through Nubia. The recent discovery of chipped flints in the country of the Somalis, as well as considerations of a botanic character, confirm this supposition, without excluding, however, the possibility of the arrival of the Libyans of the north-west in the palæolithic period, and the tribes of Syria and Mesopotamia in historic times. (Evidence: the “Hyksos” of the Egyptian annals, the presence of cuneiform tablets at Tel-el-Amarna, upper Egypt, to which attention was drawn by Sayce, etc.)
[485] Barthel, “Völkerbewegungen ... Afrikan. Kontin.,” Mittheil. Verein Erdkunde, Leipzig, 1893, with map.
[486] Jews and Maltese on the coast of the Mediterranean; Persians and Hindus on the east coast and the islands off it; a few hundred Chinese introduced into the Congo State and the Mauritius and Réunion islands. Among the Europeans, the Boers of Cape Colony, of the basin of the Orange river, and the Transvaal, as well as the Portuguese of Angola and Mozambique, are more or less intermingled with the natives. The English of the Cape, and the French of Algeria-Tunis, and the “Creoles” of the island of Réunion have kept themselves more free from intermixture. Finally, let us note the Spanish of Algeria-Morocco and the Canary Isles, the latter the hybrid descendants of the prehistoric Guanches, which are perhaps connected with the European Cro-Magnon race. (See S. Berthelot, “Les Guanches,” Mem. Soc. Ethnol., Paris, vols. i. and ii., 1841–45; Verneau, Iles Canaries, Paris, 1891.)
[487] Hartmann, “Les Peuples de l’Afrique,” Paris, 1880 (Bibl. Internat.), a work written from a different standpoint from the present chapter.
[488] See for details, Hanoteau and Letourneux, La Kabylie, etc., Paris, 1872–73; Quedenfeld, “Berberbevölkerung in Marokko,” Zeits. f. Ethn., vol. xx.-xxi., 1888–89; Topinard, “Les types de ... l’Algérie,” Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris, 1881; Villot, Mœurs, coutumes ... des indig. de l’Algérie, Algiers, 1888; Ch. Amat, “Les Beni-Mzab,” Rev. Anthr., 1884, p. 644.
[489] Collignon, “Ethn. gén. de la Tunisie,” Bull. Géogr. hist. et descr., Paris, 1887. Cf. Bertholon, “La population de la Tunisie,” Rev. gén. des Sc., Paris, 1896, p. 972 (with fig.).
[490] It is to be noted that these last belong, like the islanders of Djerba, to the Ibadite sect, an offshoot of orthodox Islamism.