[571] R. Codrington, The Melanesians, Oxford, 1891, fig.; Finsch, loc. cit., Rev. Ethnogr., 1883, p. 49, and Anthrop. Ergeb. einer Reise in der Sudsee, Berlin, 1884, with fig.; Flower, “Cran. caract. Fiji Islanders,” Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. x., 1881, p. 153; Hagen and Pineau, “Les Nouvelles-Hébrides,” Rev. Ethnogr., 1888, p. 302; Guppy, The Solomon Islands and their Natives, London, 1887; Hagen, “Les Indigènes des Salomon,” L’Anthropol., 1893, pp. 1 and 192; Aug. Bernard, La Nouvelle Caledonie (thesis), p. 249 et seq., Paris, 1894; Luschan, loc. cit.; Schellong, loc. cit.
[572] The number of Polynesians (2,310 in 1897) has diminished by half in the Fijis since 1881, while that of the natives (100,321 in 1897) has hardly varied. The Polynesian element is appreciable in the Aoba, Tanna, and Espiritu Santo islands of the New Hebrides, but its importance has been exaggerated so far as the Loyalty Islands and New Caledonia are concerned (see my note in the Bull. Soc. Anthr., p. 791, 1893).
[573] Ellis, Polynesian Researches, 4 vols., London, 1853; Tautain, “Les Marquisiens,” L’Anthropologie, 1894, 1895, and 1898; Meinecke, Die Inselen des stillen Oceans, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1875; Markuse, Die Hawaischen Inselen, Berlin, 1894; Lister, “Natives of Fakaofu (Bowditch Island),” Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xxi., 1892, p. 43; Ch. Hedley, “The Atoll of Fanafuti, Ellice group,” Australian Museum, Memoir III., Sydney, 1897; H. Gros, “Les populations de la Polynesie française en 1891,” Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris, 1896, p. 144; Ten Kate, loc. cit.
[574] Kubary, loc. cit., and Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, parts 2 and 4, 1873.
[575] De Quatrefages, Les Polynesiens et leurs migrations, Paris, 1866, with maps.
[576] A. Bernard, loc. cit., p. 272.
[577] Sittig, “Unfreiwillige Wanderungen ...,” Peterm. Mittheil., p. 61, 1890.
[578] A. von Humboldt, in his Évaluation numérique de la population du Nouveau Continent, Paris, 1825, reckoned that in the Americas there were 13 millions of Whites, 6 millions of Half-breeds, 6 millions of Negroes, and 9 millions of Indians; three-quarters of a century later (in 1895–97) it was computed that there were 80 millions of Whites, 37 millions of Half-breeds, 10 millions of Negroes and 10 millions of Indians in a total population of 137 millions (1897).
[579] Williams, Hist. of the Negro Race in America, 2 vols., New York, 1885; B. A. Gould, loc. cit.
[580] The celebrated skull discovered by Whitney in the auriferous sands of Calaveras (California), which has been said to belong to the pliocene age, has been disputed both as regards its authenticity and the supposed date of its bed; and it is the same with the pestles and mortars discovered in the same neighbourhood by such geologists as Skertchly and C. King (cf. W. Holmes, “Prelim. Revis. Evidence to Aurif. Gravel Man in Calif.,” Am. Anthropologist, N.S., vol. i., Nos. 1 and 2, New York, 1899). The imprints of human feet, or rather of moccasins, discovered at Carson (Nevada), even granted that they are authentic, have in any case been found in beds whose period is by no means tertiary.