[581] At this period Greenland, all Canada, a corner of Alaska, and a good part of the United States were covered with glaciers almost uninterruptedly. The limit of the moraine to the south may be indicated by a line which, leaving New York, for Lake Erie, would follow the course of the Ohio as far as the region of its junction with the Mississippi, and would be continued along or a little to the west and to the south of the Missouri to coincide then with the Canadian frontier. The fauna of the American quaternary period differed somewhat from that of Europe: the Rhinoceros tichorhinus, for instance, was missing, while the Mastodon ohioticus and several large edentata, such as the Megatherium, Mylodon, etc., are met with.
[582] See for details, Abbott, Primitive Industry, Cambridge (Mass.), 1881, and Evidence ... Antiquity of Man in East N. America, 1888; F. Wright, The Ice Age in North America, New York, 1889, chaps. xxi. and xxii., and Meet. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sc. of Buffalo, 1896; Geikie, loc. cit. (chap. li., written by T. Chamberlin); Metz, Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xxiii., p. 242; W. Upham, ibid., p. 436; Hille-Cresson, Proceed. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889; Holmes, loc. cit. (Fifteenth Rep. Bur. Ethn.); Th. Wilson, A Study of Prehist. Anthrop., Washington, 1890 (Extract from Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1887–88, p. 597). For the discussion, see Science for 1892 and 1898. Marcellin Boule has summarised most of the works quoted, and shows the present state of the question in Revue d’Anthropologie, 1888, p. 647, and in L’Anthropologie, 1890 and 1892; see also Nadaillac, L’Anthropologie, 1897 and 1898. I will merely note that the tendency of surface objects to sink towards deep beds, brought forward by the opponents of Abbott, Wright, etc., altogether fails to explain why other implements (in flint, jade, etc.) or pieces of pottery have not similarly been carried down, and that only argilite tools are found flat in deep beds.
[583] Hamy, “Anthropologie du Mexique,” Miss. scientifique du Mexique (Rech. zool., 1st part), p. 11, Paris, 1884.
[584] S. Herrera, Proceed. Am. Ass. Adv. Sc., Madison, 1893, pp. 42 and 312; Th. Wilson, loc. cit.; De Nadaillac, L’Amerique préhistorique, Paris, 1883, and Revue d’Anthropol., 1879 and 1880.
[585] Ameghino, La Antiguedad del hombre en El Plata, Paris-Buenos-Ayres, 1880, 2 vols.
[586] De Quatrefages, “L’homme foss. de Lagoa-Santa,” Izviestia Soc. of Friends of Nat. Sc., Moscow, vol. xxxv., 1879; Sören Hansen and Lutken, Lagoa Santa Racen, Copenhagen, 1889, extract from E Museo Lundii, vol. iv.; Hyades and Deniker, loc. cit., p. 163.
[587] Lacerda and Peixoto, “Contribuições ... raças indig. do Brasil,” Archiv. do Mus. nac., Rio-de-Janeiro, vol. i., 1876, and Mem. Soc. Anthrop., Paris, 2nd ser., vol. ii., 1875–82, p. 535; H. von Ihering, “A civilisaçao prehist. de Brazil merid.,” Revista do Museu-Paulista, vol. i., p. 95, S. Paulo, 1895.
[588] Moreno, “Cimet. et paraderos prehist., etc.,” Rev. Anthrop., 1874, p. 72; Verneau, “Crânes préhist. de Patagonie,” L’Anthropol., 1894, p. 420.
[589] E. Schmidt, Die Vorgeschichte Nord-Amerikas, Brunswick, 1894; cf. Arch. f. Anthrop., vol. xxiii., 1894. For details see Cyrus Thomas, “Burial Mounds,” Fifth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethn., Washington, 1887 and “Rep. Mound Explorat.,” Twelfth Rep. Bur. Ethn. for 1890–91, Washington, 1894; Carr, “Crania from Stone Graves, etc.,” Eleventh Rep. Peabody Mus.; Hale, “Indian Migration, etc.,” Amer. Antiquar., 1883; Shepherd, Antiquities of State Ohio, Cincinnati, 1890; Brinton, Essays of an Americanist, p. 90, Philadelphia, 1890.
[590] The northern zone, circumscribing the great lakes, is characterised by monuments of rude form; the southern zone, between the Gulf of Mexico and the basin of the Ohio, is distinguished by mounds in the form of a truncated pyramid; while the middle zone, that of the basin of the Ohio, presents a large number of mounds of peculiar and very perfected types. In each of these zones special regions may be distinguished, characterised by the shape of the mounds and by the nature of the objects immured in them.