[591] Cushing, C. R. Congr. Internat. des Americanistes, p. 150, Berlin, 1888; V. Mindeleff, “Pueblo Architecture,” Eighth Report Bur. Ethnol. for 1886–87, p. 1, Washington, 1891–93; C. Mindeleff, “Casa Grande Ruin,” Thirteenth Report Bur. Ethn. for 1891–92, Washington, 1894; Nordenskiold and Retzius, The Cliff-Dwellers, etc., Stockholm, 1893, in fol. L. Morgan has sought to show in his monograph, “Houses and House Life of Am. Aborigines,” Contrib. N. Amer. Ethn., vol. iv, Washington, 1881, that the phalanstery-houses were the typical form of dwelling-place all of the North, and some of the South Americans, in association with the communal organisation of the tribes.
[592] I have always maintained this opinion, which is amply confirmed to-day by the investigations made by Ten Kate (“Somatol. Observ. Ind. South-west,” Journ. Amer. Ethnol., vol. iii., p. 122, Cambridge, Mass., and Rev. d’Anthrop., 1887, p. 48), from Canada to the Pampas. As to South America, the prevalent yellow colouring has been further noticed by A. von Humboldt, and recently confirmed by Ranke (Zeitsch. f. Ethnol., 1898, p. 61).
[593] Gatschet, “Klamath Indians,” Contrib. N. A. Ethnol., vol. ii., Part I., p. 43, Washington, 1890; D. Brinton, The American Race, p. 57, New York, 1891; Ehrenreich, loc. cit.
[594] D. Brinton, “Certain Morph. Traits of Am. Languages,” Amer. Antiquarian, November, 1894.
[595] Powell, “Indian Linguist. Families, etc.,” Seventh Rep. Bur. Ethn. for 1885–86, Washington, 1891 (92), p. 1 (with map).
[596] A curious fact is brought out by the study of the linguistic chart published by Powell: that most of the families of different languages are grouped in the western, mountainous part of North America. Thus, out of 59 linguistic families, 40 are found in the limited area between the Pacific and the Rocky Mountains, while all the rest of the continent is divided among 19 linguistic families only. The same fact is observed in South America. We can reduce to a dozen groups the languages of the Atlantic slope of this continent, while in the Andes and on the Pacific slope an enormous number of linguistic families have been noted without any apparent common connection.
[597] E. Petitot, Monogr. Esquim. Tchiglit du Mackenzie, Paris, 1876, 4to; Dall, “Tribes of ... extr. North-West,” Contrib. to North Amer. Ethnol., vol. i, p. 1, Washington, 1877; Ray, Intern. Polar Exped. Point Barrow, Washington, 1888; Sören Hansen, loc. cit., and “Ost Grönl. Anthropol.,” Meddel om Groenland, vol. x.; Boas, “The Central Eskimo,” Sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 1888, p. 409; G. Holm, loc. cit.; Rink, “The Eskimo Tribes,” Meddelel. om Grönl., vol. xi., and other works by this author in Danish, quoted by Bahnson, Ethnographien, vol. i., p. 223, Copenhagen, 1894; F. Nansen, Eskimo Life, London, 2nd edit., 1894, figs.; Dix Bolles, Catal. Eskimo Collect. Rep. U.S. Nation. Mus. for 1887, p. 335; R. Peary, Northward over the Great Ice, 2 vols., New York, 1898.
[598] The most northern point now inhabited by the Eskimo is situated on the Greenland side of Smith’s Sound, 78° 8´ N. lat. (see the description of this tribe of 2,344 persons in Peary, loc. cit., vol. i., p. 479); but Greely found traces of the permanent settlement of this people near Fort Conger, in Greenland, 81° 44´ N. lat. The most southern point occupied by the Eskimo is Hamilton Inlet (55° N. lat.) in Labrador, but it is not long since they reached as far as the straits of Belle-Isle in Newfoundland and even farther south, to the estuary of the St. Lawrence (50° N. lat.).
[599] A great change in the habits of the Eskimo of Alaska will be effected by the introduction of reindeer, through the agency of the United States Government (see Jackson, Rep. Introd. Reindeer in Alaska, Washington, 1894 and 1895).
[600] Erman, “Ethnol. Wahrnem Behring Meeres,” Zeitsch. für Ethnol., vol. iii., pp. 159 and 205; Dall, Alaska, etc., London, 1870; Bancroft, Native Races Pacif. St. of America, Washington, vol. i., 1875–76, pp. 87 and 111, and 1882, p. 562.