[641] Pinart, “Chiriqui,” Bull. Soc. Géogr., Paris, 1885, p. 433.
[642] The Chibchas were husbandmen, manufacturers, and merchants, but unacquainted with the use of metals, except gold. They too have not left any great monuments of architecture (see for further information the works already quoted of Bruhl, Brinton, etc.).
[643] Are they not related to the Cayapas of Ecuador, described by Santjago Basurco? (Tour du Monde, 1894, p. 401.)
[644] I shall not deal further with the important part which the Quechua civilisation played in all the western regions of South America. Let me observe, however, that this civilisation differed in many respects from that of the Nahuas; the Incas lived under a despotic communistic régime, they had no art of writing, and were content with mnemonic means to communicate with one another, they reared the llama, their religious rites were less sanguinary than those of the Nahua, etc. (Seler, Peruanische Alterthüm, Berlin, 1893; Brinton, loc. cit.; Bruhl, loc. cit.; Uhle, Kultur Sud-Amerik. Völker, vol. ii., Berlin, 1889–90.)
[645] Middendorf (E.), Peru, Berlin, 1893, 3 vols.
[646] Ten Kate, “Excursion Archæol.... Catamarca, etc.,” Rev. Mus. La Plata, vol. v., 1893, p. 329; Intern. Arch. für Ethnog., vol. vii., 1894, p. 142; Ambrozetti, “Archeol. Calchaqui,” Bol. Inst. Geog. Arg., 1896, p. 117; Brinton, Amer. Anthropologist, N.S., vol. i., No. 1, New York, 1899.
[647] L. Catat, “Les Habitants du Darien Merid.,” Rev. Ethnogr., 1888, p. 397; Pinart, “Les Indiens de Panama,” Rev. Ethnogr., No. 33, 1887, p. 117.
[648] Siemiradzki, loc. cit., p. 160. The figures here given from Oldendorf, Manouvrier, Hamy, Virchow, and derived from my own observations, relate to the Chilian Araucans. The Araucans of the Pampas are shorter (1 m. 57, according to De la Vaulx, Compt. rend. Soc. Geogr., Paris, 1898, p. 99), and brachycephalic, to judge from the measurements of Ten Kate (Rev. Mus. La Plata, vol. iv., p. 209), who finds the mean cephalic index of 53 skulls to be 83.92 in a series in which, however, several skulls of the Palæo-American type are met with.
[649] The Manzanieros, so named from the country of crab-apple-tree forests which they inhabit, have preserved better than the Araucans of the Pampas their physical type; but they have adopted for the most part, like the latter, the manners and customs of the Indians of the Pampas and the Gauchos Euro-Indian half-breeds, similar to the Cow-boys of the western parts of the United States. They live as nomadic shepherds in tents of guanaco skins, and wear garments of tanned skin, after the manner of the Gauchos; they have no pottery, subsist almost exclusively on meat, etc. Excellent horsemen, they hunt the guanaco with bolas, exactly like the Patagonians and the Gauchos.
[650] The Archipelagoes of Chiloé and Chonos, which lie off the Chilian coast in the neighbourhood of Cape Peñas, were peopled by Araucan tribes of Gauchos, Payos and Chonos, of whom there remain only a few descendants, with a strain of Spanish blood. These Gauchos must not be confounded with the half-breeds of the same name (see above, note 1), nor the Chonos with the tribe of the same name living farther to the south between Cape Peñas and the Straits of Magellan; the latter tribe appears to be related rather to the Fuegians.