[661] Hamy, Rev. d’Anthr., 1873, p. 385; Colini, Atti. Acc. Lincei., Rome, 1883.
[662] Both these authors prefer the term “Ges” to that of Tapuyas, by which the aborigines in question are known to the Brazilians. In fact, the word “Tapuya,” which in the Tupi tongue means “barbarian,” is not only applied to the Ges, but also to a host of other backward tribes, as, for instance, the Puris (p. 565).
[663] Probably on account of the numerous cataracts on the rivers.
[664] Maxim Pr. von Wied Newied, Reise nach Brasil., Frankfort-a-M., 1820, 2 vols.; Martius, Beitr. zur Ethnogr.... Amerikas, Erlangen-Leipzig, 1863–67; Lacerda and Peixolo, “Contrib. estudo. Anthrop. das raças Indig. do Brazil,” Archiv. de Mus. Nacion., Rio de Janeiro, vol. i., 1876, p. 47; Ph. Rey, Étud. Anthrop. sur les Botocudos, Paris, 1880 (thesis); Peixoto, “Novos estudos. craniol. sobra Botocudos,” Arch. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, vol. vi., 1884, p. 205; Ehrenreich, “Ueber die Botocudos,” Zeitschr. für Ethnol., 1887, pp. 1 and 49.
[665] Castelnau, Expedition parties Centr. Am. dn Sud. Hist. des vog., Paris, 1852–57, 6 vols.; Martius, loc. cit.; Ehrenreich, loc. cit. (Peterm. Mitt.).
[666] See the works of Castelnau, Von den Steinen, and Ehrenreich, already quoted.
[667] J. Koslowsky, “Algun. datos sobre los Bororos,” Bol. Inst. Geogr. Argent., vol. vi., 1895; Ehrenreich, loc cit. (Anthr. Unter.).
[668] See on this point the suggestive monograph of H. Meyer, “Bows and Arrows in Centr. Brazil,” Smiths. Rep. for 1896, p. 549, pl., Washington, 1898.
[669] The way in which the aborigines cut trees with their stone hatchets is remarkable: they make in the first place a great number of holes all around the trunk, then enlarge them till they touch, and so form a continuous incision. Similarly, in order to cut a thin piece of wood from a tree branch they make notches in the latter at equal distances, then they remove the portions of wood between the notches, making use of the same stone hatchet like a wedge. (Ehrenreich, “Mittheil.... Xingu Exped.,” Zeitschrift für Ethnol., 1890, p. 61.)
[670] L. Adam, Bibliothèque Linguist. Amer., vol. xviii., Paris, 1896.