Obs. iv. 爲 wé‘, on account of, is found with the particles 之 tsz, or 着 záh; 搭 tah also very frequently takes 之 tsz.
Obs. v. 連 líen, together with, is also used as a verb to connect. It frequently takes 搭 tah, after it; e.g. 連搭一家屋裏人 líen tah ih ká óh ’lí niun, together with all his family.
257. The particles that are used for the locative case are postpositions.
| 裏 ’lí, inside. | 前 zíen, before. |
| 外 ngá‘, outside. | 後 ’heu, behind. |
| 上 long‘, above, r. ’zong. | 下 ’hau, below. |
Obs. i. 裏 ’lí, forms the compound 裏向 ’lí h’iáng, m. 中 chóng; 以 ’í, combines with 外 ngá‘, 前 zíen and 後 ’heu, in the sense of beside, before and after, or since; e.g. 今朝以後 kiun tsau ’í ’heu‘, after to-day. Numerous compounds of these words, which will be found among the adverbs, are also often used as prepositions. See [Section 9].
Obs. ii. The mandarin 中 chóng, inside, is found in some compounds; e.g. 空中 k’óng tsóng, in the air.
258. Forms borrowed from other parts of speech, compensate for the absence of several prepositions.
1. Of, the particle of the genitive case is compensated for either by juxtaposition, or by the particle 個 kú‘.
- 中國規矩 Tsúng kóh kwé ’kü, custom of China.
- 別人個事體 pih niun kú‘ zz‘ ’t’í, what concerns others.
2. With, (instrumental) by, are expressed by 担 tan, and peh ’la or peh.