285. The adverbs in and out, up and down, here and there, etc. are translated in Chinese by repeated verbs.
- 飛進飛出 fí tsing‘ fí t’seh, fly in and out.
- 跳上跳下 t’iau‘ ’zong t’iau‘ ’au, jump up and down.
- 搖來搖去 yau lé yau k’í‘, row about.
Adverbs of time. 286. The following are the primitive adverbs of time employed in the dialect.
- 曾 zung, already; 勿曾 veh zung, not yet.
- 向 h’iáng‘, 一向 ih h’iáng‘, hitherto; (it embraces the whole of the past time), 向來 h’iáng‘ lé, 向係 h’iáng‘ í‘, ib.
- 已 ’í, already; e.g. 已經 ’í kiung, already.
- 昨 zoh (zóh, zog), in 昨日 zoh nyih, yesterday.
- 先 síen, first; 第個先要做 tí‘ kú‘ síen yau‘ tsú‘, this must be done first.
- 暴 pau‘, at first; e.g. 暴時 pau‘ zz, at first; 暴時間 pau‘ zz kan, ib.
- 預 ü‘, beforehand; 預先防備 ü‘ síen bong bé‘, guard against beforehand. (防 guard against; m. fang; s.r. vong).
- 初 t’sú, at first, is only found as an adverb in the phrase 當初 tong t’sú, formerly.
- 今 kiun, now; e.g. 目今 mók kiun, 刻今 k’uk kiun, 現今 híen‘ kiun, now; 今朝 kiun tsau, to-day; 今曰 kiun nyih, ib.; 今月 kiun niöh, this month; 今年 kiun níen, this year.
- 難 nan, now; 難故歇 nan kú‘ h’ih, at the present moment; 難朝後 nan dzau ’eu, from this time forward; 難下來 nan ’au lé, ib.; 難末 nan meh, then.
- 正 tsung‘, (or 淮 ’tsung) just; 正勒拉 tsung‘ leh ’lá, just while; 貼正 t’ih (or t’eh) tsung‘, just at the moment.
- 現 híen‘ now; 現在 híen‘ dzé‘, now; 現時 híen‘ zz, ib.
- 暫 dzan‘, temporarily; e.g. 暫時 dzan‘ zz, for a short time; 暫為 dzan‘ we‘, ib.
- 將 tsiáng, about to be; 將來 tsiáng lé, it will happen that.
- 卽 tsiuk (tsih) just; 隨卽 zûe tsiuk, just; 卽刻 tsih k’uh, ib. 卽鉛 tsih k’an, ib.
- 再 tsé‘, again; 再會 tsé‘ wé‘, we shall meet again.
- 鉛 k’an just; 鉛鉛 k’an k’an ib.; 鉛起始 k’an ’k‘í ’sz, at the beginning.
- 又 í‘, 又來者 í‘ lé ’tsé, come again.
- 還 wan, still; 還要來 wan yau‘ lé, come again.
- 就 dzieu‘, immediately; 就轉來 dzieu‘ ’tsén lé, return directly 就此 dzieu‘ ’t’sz, immediately.
- 一 ih followed by 就 dzieu‘ the moment that; 一睏就覺 ih k’wun‘ dzieu‘ kau‘, the moment he went to sleep he awoke.
Obs. i. Of these words, only 難, 將, 再, 又, 還, 就, nan, tsiáng, tsé‘, í‘, wan, dzieu‘, are separable from the groups in which they are found. 未 as in 未哩 mí‘ ’lí, not yet, is a negative adverb of time.
Obs. ii. All these adverbs are book words, except pau‘, nan, and k’an.
287. The demonstrative pronouns 第, 伊, 故, tí‘, í, kú‘, and some other words combine with the substantives 歇, 刻, 時, h’ih, k’uh, zz, a short time, to form adverbs of time.
- 第歇故歇 tí‘ h’ih, kú‘ h’ih, at this moment.
- 故歇頭上 kú‘ h’ih deu long‘, at that time.
- 伊歇頭上 í h’ih deu long‘, ib.
- 一時頭上 ih zz deu long‘, all at once.
- 立刻 lih k’uh, immediately.
- 立時立刻 lih zz lih k’uh, ib.
- 立時三刻 lih zz san k’uh, ib.
歇 h’ih, also helps to form 大歇 tá h’ih, 爽歇 zong h’ih, after a little time; 少歇 ’sau h’ih, ib.
288. Several adjectives and prepositions are borrowed to form compound adverbs of time.