[376] I speak from personal recollection, being a professor in a seminary at the time. Leo went on to form a Biblical Commission, of which my liberal professor, Fr. David Fleming, became secretary. The first decision it was his duty to sign was that Moses was the author of the Pentateuch! For the later doubts and despair of Leo see the very interesting details in A. Houtin's La Question Biblique au XIX. siècle (2d ed., 1902) and La Question Biblique au XX. siècle (2d ed., 1906).
[377] In the Encyclopædia Britannica ("Leo XIII.") it is said that the Pope in 1902 advises the workers to turn aside from social zeal and concentrate on the interests of the Papacy. This seems to be inaccurate. His pronouncements of that year are of the same tenor as the Encyclical Graves de communi. See Sanctissimi D.N. Leonis XIII. Allocutiones, etc., vol. viii., pp. 65-78 and 181-2. The Americans have issued an English translation of the chief Encyclicals.
| Peter | 67 |
| Linus | 67-79 |
| Anacletus | 79-90 |
| Clement | 90-99 |
| Evaristus | 99-107 |
| Alexander I. | 107-116 |
| Sixtus I. | 116-125 |
| Telesphorus | 125-136 |
| Hyginus | 136-140 |
| Pius I. | 140-154 |
| Anicetus | 154-165 |
| Soter | 165-174 |
| Eleutherius | 174-189 |
| Victor | 189-198 |
| Zephyrinus | 198-217 |
| Callistus I. | 217-222 |
| Urban I. | 222-230 |
| Pontianus | 230-235 |
| Anterus | 235-236 |
| Fabian | 236-250 |
| Corneliu | 251-253 |
| Lucius I. | 253-254 |
| Stephen I. | 254-257 |
| Sixtus II. | 257-258 |
| Dionysius | 259-268 |
| Felix I. | 269-274 |
| Eutychian | 275-283 |
| Caius | 283-296 |
| Marcellinus | 296-304 |
| Marcellus | 308-309 |
| Eusebius | 309 |
| Melchiades | 311-314 |
| Silvester I. | 314-335 |
| Marcus | 336 |
| Julius I. | 337-352 |
| Liberius | 352-366 |
| Damasus I. | 366-384 |
| Siricius | 384-398 |
| Anastasius I. | 398-401 |
| Innocent I. | 402-417 |
| Zozimus | 417-418 |
| Boniface I. | 418-422 |
| Celestine I. | 422-432 |
| Sixtus III. | 432-440 |
| Leo I. | 440-461 |
| Hilarius | 461-468 |
| Simplicius | 468-483 |
| Felix II. | 483-492 |
| Galasius I. | 492-496 |
| Anastasius II. | 496-498 |
| Symmachus | 498-514 |
| Hormisdas | 514-523 |
| John I. | 523-526 |
| Felix III. | 526-530 |
| Boniface II. | 530-532 |
| John II. | 533-535 |
| Agapetus I. | 535-536 |
| Silverius | 536-538 |
| Vigilius | 538-555 |
| Pelagius I. | 556-561 |
| John III. | 561-574 |
| Benedict I. | 575-579 |
| Pelagius II. | 579-590 |
| Gregory I. | 590-604 |
| Sabinianus | 604-606 |
| Boniface III. | 607 |
| Boniface IV. | 608-615 |
| Deusdedit | 615-618 |
| Boniface V. | 619-625 |
| Honorius I. | 625-638 |
| Severinus | 638-640 |
| John IV. | 640-642 |
| Theodore I. | 642-649 |
| Martin I. | 649-655 |
| Eugene I. | 654-657 |
| Vitalian | 657-672 |
| Adeodatus | 672-676 |
| Donus | 676-678 |
| Agatho | 678-681 |
| Leo II. | 682-683 |
| Benedict II. | 684-685 |
| John V. | 685-686 |
| Conon | 686-687 |
| Sergius I. | 687-701 |
| John VI. | 701-705 |
| John VII. | 705-707 |
| Sisinnius | 708 |
| Constantine | 708-715 |
| Gregory II. | 715-731 |
| Gregory III. | 731-741 |
| Zachary | 741-752 |
| Stephen II. | 752 |
| Stephen II. (III.) | 752-757 |
| Paul I. | 757-767 |
| Stephen III. (IV.) | 768-772 |
| Hadrian I. | 772-795 |
| Leo III. | 795-816 |
| Stephen IV. (V.) | 816-817 |
| Paschal I. | 817-824 |
| Eugene II. | 824-827 |
| Valentine | 827 |
| Gregory IV. | 827-844 |
| Sergius II. | 844-847 |
| Leo IV. | 847-855 |
| Benedict III. | 855-858 |
| Nicholas I. | 858-867 |
| Hadrian II. | 867-872 |
| John VIII. | 872-882 |
| Marinus I. (or Martin II.) | 882-884 |
| Hadrian III. | 884-885 |
| Stephen V. (VI.) | 885-891 |
| Formosus | 891-896 |
| Boniface VI. | 896 |
| Stephen VI. (VII.) | 896-897 |
| Romanus | 897 |
| Theodore II. | 897 |
| John IX. | 898-900 |
| Benedict IV. | 900-903 |
| Leo V. | 903 |
| Christopher | 903-904 |
| Sergius III. | 904-911 |
| Anastasius III. | 911-913 |
| Lando | 913-914 |
| John X. | 914-928 |
| Leo VI. | 928 |
| Stephen VII. (VIII.) | 928-931 |
| John XI. | 931-936 |
| Leo VII. | 936-939 |
| Stephen VIII. (IX.) | 939-942 |
| Marinus II. (Martin III.) | 942-946 |
| Agapetus II. | 946-955 |
| John XII. | 955-964 |
| Leo VIII. | 963-965 |
| Benedict V. | 964-965 |
| John XIII. | 965-972 |
| Benedict VI. | 973-974 |
| Benedict VII. | 974-983 |
| John XIV. | 983-984 |
| Boniface VII. | 984-985 |
| John XV. | 985-986 |
| Gregory V. | 986-996 |
| John XVI. | 997-998 |
| Silvester II. | 999-1003 |
| John XVII. | 1003 |
| John XVIII. | 1003-1009 |
| Sergius IV. | 1009-1012 |
| Benedict VIII. | 1012-1024 |
| John XIX. | 1024-1032 |
| Benedict IX. | 1032-1045 |
| Gregory VI. | 1045-1046 |
| Clement II. | 1046-1047 |
| Damasus II. | 1048 |
| Leo IX. | 1049-1054 |
| Victor II. | 1055-1057 |
| Stephen IX. (X.) | 1057-1058 |
| Benedict X. | 1058-1059 |
| Nicholas II. | 1059-1061 |
| Alexander II. | 1061-1073 |
| Gregory VII. | 1073-1085 |
| Victor III. | 1087 |
| Urban II. | 1088-1099 |
| Paschal II. | 1099-1118 |
| Gelasius II. | 1118-1119 |
| Callistus II. | 1119-1124 |
| Honorius II. | 1124-1130 |
| Innocent II. | 1130-1143 |
| Celestine II. | 1143-1144 |
| Lucius II. | 1144-1145 |
| Eugene III. | 1145-1153 |
| Anastasius IV. | 1153-1154 |
| Hadrian IV. | 1154-1159 |
| Alexander III. | 1159-1181 |
| Lucius III. | 1181-1185 |
| Urban III. | 1185-1187 |
| Gregory VIII. | 1187 |
| Clement III. | 1187-1191 |
| Celestine III. | 1191-1198 |
| Innocent III. | 1198-1216 |
| Honorius III. | 1216-1227 |
| Gregory IX. | 1227-1241 |
| Celestine IV. | 1241 |
| Innocent IV. | 1243-1254 |
| Alexander IV. | 1254-1261 |
| Urban IV. | 1261-1264 |
| Clement IV. | 1265-1268 |
| Gregory X. | 1271-1276 |
| Innocent V. | 1276 |
| Hadrian V. | 1276 |
| John XXI.[379] | 1276-1277 |
| Nicholas III. | 1277-1280 |
| Martin IV. | 1281-1285 |
| Honorius IV. | 1285-1287 |
| Nicholas IV. | 1288-1292 |
| Celestine V. | 1294 |
| Boniface VIII. | 1294-1303 |
| Benedict XI. | 1303-1304 |
| Clement V. | 1305-1314 |
| John XXII. | 1316-1334 |
| Benedict XII. | 1334-1342 |
| Clement VI. | 1342-1352 |
| Innocent VI. | 1352-1362 |
| Urban V. | 1362-1370 |
| Gregory XI. | 1370-1378 |
| Urban VI. | 1378-1389 |
| [Clement VII.] | 1378-1394 |
| Boniface IX. | 1389-1404 |
| [Benedict XIII.] | 1394-1424 |
| Innocent VII. | 1404-1406 |
| Gregory XII. | 1406-1415 |
| Alexander V. | 1409-1410 |
| John XXIII. | 1410-1415 |
| Martin V. | 1417-1431 |
| Eugene IV. | 1431-1447 |
| Nicholas V. | 1447-1455 |
| Callistus III. | 1455-1458 |
| Pius II. | 1458-1464 |
| Paul II. | 1464-1471 |
| Sixtus IV. | 1471-1484 |
| Innocent VIII. | 1484-1492 |
| Alexander VI. | 1492-1503 |
| Pius III. | 1503 |
| Julius II. | 1503-1513 |
| Leo X. | 1513-1521 |
| Hadrian VI. | 1522-1523 |
| Clement VII. | 1523-1534 |
| Paul III. | 1534-1549 |
| Julius III. | 1550-1555 |
| Marcellus II. | 1555 |
| Paul IV. | 1555-1559 |
| Pius IV. | 1559-1565 |
| Pius V. | 1566-1572 |
| Gregory XIII. | 1572-1585 |
| Sixtus V. | 1585-1590 |
| Urban VII. | 1590 |
| Gregory XIV. | 1590-1591 |
| Innocent IX. | 1591 |
| Clement VIII. | 1592-1605 |
| Leo XI. | 1605 |
| Paul V. | 1605-1621 |
| Gregory XV. | 1621-1623 |
| Urban VIII. | 1623-1644 |
| Innocent X. | 1644-1655 |
| Alexander VII. | 1655-1667 |
| Clement IX. | 1667-1669 |
| Clement X. | 1670-1676 |
| Innocent XI. | 1676-1689 |
| Alexander VIII. | 1689-1691 |
| Innocent XII. | 1691-1700 |
| Clement XI. | 1700-1721 |
| Innocent XIII. | 1721-1724 |
| Benedict XIII. | 1724-1730 |
| Clement XII. | 1730-1740 |
| Benedict XIV. | 1740-1758 |
| Clement XIII. | 1758-1769 |
| Clement XIV. | 1769-1774 |
| Pius VI. | 1775-1799 |
| Pius VII. | 1800-1823 |
| Leo XII. | 1823-1829 |
| Pius VIII. | 1829-1830 |
| Gregory XVI. | 1831-1846 |
| Pius IX. | 1846-1878 |
| Leo XIII. | 1878-1903 |
| Pius X. | 1903-1914 |
| Benedict XV. | 1914- |
FOOTNOTES:
[378] I include Peter, as is usual, though it must be recalled that no writer calls him "bishop" of Rome until the third century, and it cannot be regarded as proved that he ever visited Rome. The date of his death, and the succeeding dates until the third century, and many later, are conjectural and disputed.
[379] On account of some confusion in mediæval chronicles, a spurious "John XV." was inserted in the list of Popes. Hence John XXI. was really John XX., but the names of the later Popes are so fixed that it seems better, as is usually the case, to skip from John XIX. to John XX.