30433. The active forms with ka- are: maka-, maka- R, naka-, naka- R; abstract pagka-.
The active expresses an inanimate object or circumstance causing an emotion or feeling; the meaning, then, is the same as in the forms with i-ka- (§ [413]), except that here the thing causing 35the emotion is viewed as an actor. Nakabùbúlag aŋ ílaw. The light is blinding. Aŋ gamòt na itò aŋ nakaginháwa sa máy sakìt. This medicine is what relieved the patient. Itò y makapàpáwì naŋ gútom (úhaw, ginàw, ínit, págod). This will relieve the hunger (thirst, cold feeling, hot feeling, fatigue). Aŋ áwit naŋ maŋa 40íbon ay nakatútuwàʾ. The song of the birds is gladdening. Similarly from: bigàt, biŋì, búti, lasìŋ, ligáya, síraʾ, tákot.
434. The active expresses, further, an inanimate object which has got (in the past) into such and such a condition or position.
Aŋ baŋkàʾ ay nakaáyon sa ágos. The canoe is righted with the stream. Aŋ pagkáin ay nakahandá nà. Dinner is served. Nakasábit 5sa pákoʾ aŋ áki ŋ amerikána. My coat is hanging on the nail. Nakasigàŋ aŋ palayùk naŋ sináiŋ. The rice-pot is on the fire. Hindí ko bìbilhìn aŋ kabáyo ŋ iyòn, káhit na makasísiya aŋ áki ŋ kwaltà. I would not buy this horse, even if my money should be sufficient. Similarly: daàn, lawìt, táliʾ, túloŋ.
10435. Very similar is the use of the active to describe an animate actor in such and such a position (into which he has got): Nakadapàʾ aŋ maŋa táo sa kanila ŋ báhay hábaŋ lumílindòl. The people lay prone in their houses during the earthquake. Si Pédro ay nakaháwak sa taburéte naŋ sya y retratúhan. Pedro 15had hold of a chair when he was photographed. Nakasakày aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn sa áso naŋ sya y màkíta ko sa bakúran. Little Juan was mounted (i. e. riding) on the dog when I saw him in the yard. Nakatayó si Pédro naŋ ákin sya ŋ màkíta. Pedro was standing up when I saw him. Nakaupó sya sa baŋkòʾ. He was 20seated on the bench. So from: abàŋ, hiléra, íkid, kápit, luhòd, paŋàw, taluŋkòʾ, tindìg.
436. The active may denote an animate actor who is able, succeeds in doing so and so; the involuntary element inheres in the matter of ability, which is not dependent on the actor’s will: 25Sa gana ŋ ákin sya y makaáalìs. So far as I am concerned, he may go. Sa tigàs naŋ kanya ŋ loòb ay walà ŋ makabáleʾ. There is no one (or, under the type in § [433], nothing) can break the firmness of his will. Nakagágawàʾ aŋ alílà naŋ páyoŋ. The servant is able to make umbrellas. Nakagupìt sya naŋ makapàl na 30damìt. He succeeded in cutting thick cloth. Si Pédro ay hindí makaháwak naŋ palakòl, sapagkàt masakìt aŋ kanya ŋ kamày. Pedro cannot hold an ax, because his hand is sore. Naàári ŋ sya y makahigàʾ. He may lie down. Hindí ako makahiŋí naŋ kwaltà kay Hwàn. I cannot (bring myself to) ask Juan for money. Nakahúlog 35sya naŋ isa ŋ nyòg sa kanya ŋ pagpukòl sa kumpòl. He succeeded in bringing down a cocoanut, in his throwing at the cluster. Aŋ bátaʾ ay hindí makakáin, sapagkàt kumáin sya naŋ marámi ŋ kakanìn. The child can’t eat because he has eaten so many sweets. Si Pédro ay hindí nakapùpútol naŋ káhoy, sapagkàt 40bágu ŋ gáliŋ sya sa sakìt. Pedro cannot cut any wood, for he has just recovered from sickness. Sa tantyà raw nyà ay makapùpútol na sya naŋ káhoy, sapagkàt sya y malakas nà. He reckons he will be able to cut wood, for he is strong again. Nakasásakay syà sa kabáyo. He is able to mount the horse. Aŋ báta y nakasùsúlat nà. The child is already able to write. Hindí ako makasúlat. I can’t write. Aŋ máy sakit ay nakatátayú nà. The patient is already able to stand up. Hindí ako nakatípon naŋ maŋa 5dáhon, sapagkàt walá ako ŋ kalaykày. I was not able to pile up the leaves, because I had no rake. Aŋ húle ŋ isdá ni Hwàn ay nakawalàʾ. The fish Juan caught got away. Similarly from: akiyàt, balìk, báyad, dalà, datìŋ, kílos, kúha, lákad, pások, sagòt, sigàw, suwày, tahòl, takbò, tirà, úbos, úsap.
10Abstracts: Aŋ mákina ay syà ŋ dahilàn naŋ pagkagawá ni Pédro naŋ páyoŋ. The machine is the cause of Pedro’s ability to make umbrellas. Aŋ pagkasakáy nyà sa kabáyo ŋ bara-barà ay hindí dahilàn sa kanya ŋ tápaŋ, dátapuwat dahilàn sa marámi ŋ iba ŋ táo ŋ nagsipígil sa kabáyo. His ability to get on the wild 15horse was not due to his courage, but to the many other people who controlled the horse. Aŋ kanya ŋ pagkatípon sa maŋa kalabàw ay nanyári dáhil sa marámi ŋ túloŋ. His success in rounding up the carabao was due to much aid.
437. Closely bordering on the preceding type is the active, 20mostly with the particle nà, expressing the actor of a completed action. Nakaalìs na siyà. He has already (succeeded in going, i. e.) gone away. Nakapútul nà si Pédro naŋ káhoy. Pedro has now finished cutting wood. Si Pédro ay nakapútul nà naŋ káhoy, bágo ko ŋ inutúsa ŋ maŋigìb. Pedro had already cut the wood, 25before I asked him to fetch water. Similarly from: bútas, datìŋ, kúha, límot, tápos.
The abstract lends itself especially to the use as absolute attribute (§ [274]): Pagkagawá nya naŋ bákod ay naglasìŋ siyà. When he had finished making the fence, he got drunk. Pagkaháraŋ 30naŋ maŋa tulisàn sa koréyo ay nagsitúŋo silà sa bundòk. When the bandits had robbed the mail, they took to the hills. Pagkaháte ni Hwàn naŋ maŋa mansánas ay umalìs sya. When Juan had distributed the apples, he went away. Pagkahúli naŋ pulìs sa magnanákaw ay dinala nyà itò sa bìlaŋgúan. When the policeman 35had caught the thief, he took him to the jail. Pagkapatày nya sa táo ŋ kanyà ŋ hináraŋ ay tumakbo syà. When he had killed the man he had held up, he ran away. Pagkapútol ni Hwàn naŋ tahìd naŋ kátyaw ay nagdudugòʾ aŋ paà nitò. When Juan had cut the spur of the rooster, its foot kept bleeding. Pagkasakày 40sa kabáyo ay naparoòn akò sa hàlamanàn at pumitàs ako naŋ isa ŋ pakwàn úpaŋ áki ŋ kánin. When I had had my horseback ride, I went to the garden and picked a melon to eat. Pagkasakày ni Hwàn sa trèn ay lumákad ito ŋ agàd. When Juan had got on the train, it soon started to move. Aŋ pagkasúnog naŋ báyan ay ikinaluŋkòt naŋ marámi. The people grieved at their town having burned down. Pagkatanàw naŋ uŋgòʾ sa pagòŋ ay nagbalik 5syà sa púno-ŋ-ságiŋ. When the monkey had looked at the turtle, he went back to the banana tree. Pagkatáwag naŋ pagòŋ sa uŋgòʾ ay sumunòd itò agàd. When the turtle had called the monkey, the latter came at once. Pagkatayó nya sa kanya ŋ ùpúan ay minulàn nya agàd aŋ pagtatalumpáteʾ. When he had 10stood up from his seat he at once began making his speech. Pagkatípon mo naŋ maŋa bayábas ay umuwí ka. When you have piled up the guavas, go home. Pagkaúna nya sa takbúhan ay naghintú sya. When he had got ahead in the running, he stopped. Similarly from: alìs, bendisiyòn, gupìt, hápon, ísip, káin, kúha, 15lagòk, lútoʾ, mísa, sábi, sánay, tápos, típon, tupàd.
438. The forms of the direct passive are: ma-, ma- R; na-; na- R.