The direct passive may correspond regularly to the active in § [436], and denote the object directly affected by an action which 20an actor is able to perform.
Hindí nya mabásag aŋ bóte. He did not succeed in breaking the bottle. Sa kalakasàn ni Páblo ay nadala nyà aŋ kabà ŋ bákal. Pablo, with his strength, managed to lift the iron chest. Nadalà naŋ bátaʾ aŋ káhoy. The boy managed to carry the wood. 25Hindí madalà ni Pédro aŋ kahòn sa kabigatàn. Pedro cannot lift the box; it is too heavy. Hindí ku magámit aŋ páyoŋ na itò. I can’t use this umbrella. Hindí nakáin naŋ bátaʾ aŋ matigàs na tinápay na iyàn. The child was not able to eat that hard bread of yours. Nakáya ko ŋ buhátin aŋ isà ŋ maliìt na púno-ŋ-káhoy. 30I managed to lift one small tree. Nakàkáya ko aŋ pagaáral naŋ Iŋglès. I manage to get along with the study of English. Nakáyas ni Pédro aŋ báo. Pedro managed to smooth the cocoanut shell. Nalákad námin aŋ lahàt naŋ daàn. We managed to walk the whole way. Nalìlípon naŋ maŋa laŋgàm aŋ kanila ŋ pagkáin. 35The ants succeed in amassing their food. Hindí ko mapatày aŋ báta ŋ itò. I cannot (get myself to) kill this child. Hindí ko mapútol naŋ kamày aŋ bákal na itò. I can’t break this iron with my hand. Mapùpútol daw nyà ŋ wala ŋ túloŋ aŋ lahàt naŋ kawáya ŋ magúlaŋ. He says he will be able to cut all the old bamboo 40without any help. Hindí nya masíraʾ aŋ kandáro naŋ pintòʾ, káhit na iniyúbus nya aŋ kanya ŋ lakàs. He did not succeed in breaking the lock of the door, although he used up all his strength. Natátalastàs mo bà aŋ sinàsábi ko sa iyò? Do you understand what I am saying to you? Similarly: ágaw, akiyàt, alaála, ampàt, gawàʾ, háŋoʾ, híla.
5439. Similarly, the direct passive may correspond regularly to the active of the type in § [437] and denote an object directly affected by an action which has been (successfully) completed by an actor.
Naáso ko nà sa boo ŋ báyan aŋ bátaʾ. I have hunted and 10called the child all over town. Nabálot ko nà aŋ maŋa librò. I have already wrapped up the books. Nabása ku nà aŋ diyáriyo. I have finished reading the paper. Nahampàs ko nà aŋ bátaʾ. I have already whipped the child. Nahánap na nyà aŋ librò. He has already looked for the book. Napatày ku nà aŋ manòk. I 15have already killed the chicken. Kapag napùpútol na nyà aŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy ay saká mo hatákin aŋ lúbid na nakatáli sa saŋà nitò. When he is getting the tree cut, then do you pull at the rope that is tied to the branch. Natipìd nya aŋ pagkáin naŋ kánin. He has been saving of the rice. Natípon ko nà aŋ maŋa 20dáhon. I have already heaped up the leaves. Natísod ku nà aŋ bakyàʾ. I have kicked off the sandal. Naúnat ku nà aŋ baluktòt na káwad na ibinigày mu sa ákin. I have straightened the bent wire you gave me. Nausísà ku nà si Hwàn. I have already questioned Juan. Similarly from: ágaw, gawàʾ, ípon, íwan, líbot, 25sákop, siyásat.
440. We come now to direct passives which do not correspond regularly to any active; these have their own abstracts with pagka-.
The commonest type expresses an object which undergoes or 30has undergone a process due to an inanimate actor or to no actor in particular; it differs from the simple direct passive in the involuntary and often perfectic nature of the action. Nabáleʾ aŋ saŋà naŋ káhoy. The branch of the tree is broken. Aŋ túlis naŋ lápis ay nabáleʾ. The point of the pencil is broken. Hwag mò ŋ 35ilagay dyàn aŋ palatòn, sapagkàt baká mabásag. Don’t put the plate there, for it might get broken. Aŋ kanila ŋ kàínan ay nagambála sa pagdatìŋ naŋ maŋa pulìs. Their dinner-party broke up when the police arrived. Aŋ boo ŋ báyan ay nagulò. The whole town became riotous. Naháteʾ aŋ mansánas. The apple is 40in halves. Nalagòt aŋ lúbid. The rope broke. Aŋ kanya ŋ dalíriʾ ay napásoʾ. His finger is blistered. Napatìd aŋ lúbid. The rope broke. Aŋ batò ŋ hasaàn ay napiráso. The whetstone went to pieces. Napitas nà aŋ maŋa bulaklàk. The flowers have been picked. Napùpútol aŋ maŋa saŋà naŋ káhoy sa lakàs naŋ háŋin. The branches of the trees are being broken off by the force of the wind. Napútol nà aŋ káhoy. The tree has been cut down. Napútol aŋ dúlo naŋ káhoy. The end of the log is cut off. Napútol 5aŋ saŋà naŋ káhoy. The branch of the tree broke off. Nasáyaŋ aŋ trabáho ni Hwàn. Juan’s work went for naught. Aŋ búkid ay nasíraʾ. The field is waste. Similarly, from: áriʾ, bágo, buwàl, dílat, gúmon, hinòg, laglàg, lamòg, láon, páwiʾ, punòʾ, puròl, súnog, tápos, úbos, utàs, walàʾ, yáriʾ.
10The abstract is regular: daàn, hinòg, lagòt, pások, súnog, walàʾ.
441. The passive is used, further, to denote the animate performer of an involuntary act, which, then, is looked upon rather as an undergoing than as a performing.
15This is the clearest where the subject is undergoing an emotion or sensation: Naáwà si Hwàn sa pulúbe. Juan pitied the beggar. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn ay nadúduŋò. Little Juan is bashful. Naginàw sya sa kanya ŋ pagpalígoʾ. He got cold while taking his bath. Akú y nagùgútom. I am hungry; isa ŋ táo ŋ nagùgútom 20a hungry person. Nahàhápis siyà. He is sad. Nahíhiyá ka bà? Are you ashamed? Nahíhiyá sya. He is ashamed. Akù y nailàŋ. I was nonplussed, I didn’t know what to do. Akò y naíinip nà naŋ paghihintày kay Hwàn. I am impatient with waiting for Juan. Sya y nalímaŋ sa kanya ŋ pagbílaŋ. He got confused in 25his reckoning. Sya nalúluŋkòt. He is sorry. Akò y naùúhaw. I am thirsty. So: bagábag, gálit, libàŋ, tákot, tuwàʾ.
This form is used also of processes of life, especially physiological and morbid: Nalumpò syà. He got lame. Napípe sya. He got dumb. So: naáriʾ got the ability, nabáo got widowed, nabúhay 30lived, naíŋay was noisy, nakinìg heard, nalúnod got drowned, namatày died, natúlog slept.