460. More frequent is a rational actor of an accidental action; as such is viewed any action the exact form of which is out of the actor’s control. Si Pédro ay nakàháwak naŋ káwad na mày elektrisidàd. Pedro got hold of a charged wire. Hindí nya kilalà 20aŋ maŋa kwayanà ŋ iyòn, kaniyà nakàpútol sya naŋ sa iba ŋ táwo ŋ kawáyan. As he did not know those bamboo-groves, he inadvertently cut some bamboo that belonged to other people. Sundan mò silà sa kawayanàn, sapagkàt baká sila nakàpùpútol naŋ kawáya ŋ hindí nasàsákop naŋ áti ŋ lúpaʾ. Follow them to the 25bamboo-grove, for they may be cutting some bamboo that is not included in our land. Hwàn, usisáin mo ŋ mabúti aŋ haŋgáhan naŋ kawayanàn, bágo ka tumagá naŋ kawáyan, sapagkàt baká ka makàpútol naŋ kawáya ŋ hindí átin. Juan, find out exactly the borders of the bamboo-grove before you cut any bamboo, for else 30you might cut some bamboo that is not ours. Pího ŋ makàpùpútol silà naŋ kawáya ŋ hindí sakòp naŋ lúpaʾ, kapag hindí mo sila pinakialamàn, sapagkàt aŋ haŋgáhan naŋ lúpa ŋ iyòn ay lubhà ŋ balú-baluktòt. They will surely cut some bamboo not included in the piece of ground, if you don’t look after them, for the boundary 35of the land is very irregular. Nakàtísod akò naŋ isa ŋ áhas. I hit a snake with my foot. Nakàtúlog si Hwàn sa báhay na gibà-gibàʾ. Juan hit upon a broken-down house as a place to sleep in, was constrained by circumstances to sleep in a broken-down house. Nakàusísà sya naŋ nawalà ŋ kwaltà. It came to her mind to inquire 40about the lost money. Nakàusísà sya naŋ isa ŋ táo ŋ nakààalàm naŋ líhim. He happened to ask a man who knew the secret. Similarly: bilì, daàn, inòm, káin, súlat, tagpòʾ.
Abstract: In the abstract the element of accident often takes the form of expressing the way something turned out. Limàŋ aŋ pagkàbílaŋ nya sa maŋa itlòg na itò. His count of these eggs has turned out wrong. Aŋ pagkágawá ni Hwána sa páyoŋ ay masamàʾ. The umbrella Juana made turned out poorly. Aŋ pagkágupìt 5sa úlo naŋ bátaʾ ay hindí pantày-pantày. The boy’s hair-cut isn’t (hasn’t turned out) even. Aŋ pagkàháti naŋ mansánas ay hindí parého. The halving of the apple is not exact. Aŋ pagkàísip nya sa bugtòŋ ay hindi támaʾ. His guess at the riddle is not correct. Aŋ pagkálagok nyà sa itlòg ay kanya ŋ pinagsisíhan. 10He repented his having (in a moment of weakness) swallowed the egg. Aŋ pagkàpások ni Hwàn naŋ tapòn sa bóte ay malálim. Juan got the cork too deep into the bottle. Aŋ pagkápatay sa magnanákaw ay hindí sinadyàʾ. The killing of the thief was not done on purpose. Aŋ pagkápatay sa manòk ay masamàʾ. This chicken 15has not been slaughtered in the proper manner. Aŋ pagkàpútol naŋ páloŋ naŋ kátiyaw ay hindí sagàd. The cock’s comb is not cut off clean. Aŋ pagkátahul naŋ áso ay sya ŋ inilalá naŋ sakìt nya sa lalamúnan. The dog’s barking made the pain in its throat worse. Aŋ pagkátanaw kò sa púno-ŋ-káhoy ay itò y may madidilàw 20na dáhon. The way I looked at that tree made it seem as if it had yellow leaves. Aŋ kanya ŋ pagkátayòʾ (or: pagkátindìg) ay dahilàn sa kanya ŋ pagkàgúlat. He jumped to his feet because of his surprise. Aŋ pagkàtípon naŋ maŋa dáho ŋ itò ay hindí mabúte. These leaves have not been well heaped up. So from: 25bendisiyòn, bitbìt, hampàs, higàʾ, páloʾ, tágoʾ, tirà, upòʾ.
461. The active may denote a rational actor successful, thanks to outer circumstances, in such and such an action. Nakáhampas aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ tutubè. Little Juan succeeded in hitting a dragon-fly with his whip. Nakàháte si Hwàn 30naŋ maŋa mansánas. Juan got a chance to divide up the apples. Nakàkàkapá sya naŋ isa ŋ palakàʾ. He has got hold of a frog (as, in grasping for frogs in mud-holes). Nakàpána akò naŋ usà. I hit a deer with an arrow. Nakàtípun nà akò naŋ maŋa dáhon, naŋ pumaròn si Tátay. By the time Father got there, I had already 35had time to get some leaves heaped up. So also: ágaw, hiŋìʾ, sáli.
Abstract: Aŋ pagkàbúhay naŋ médiko sa kay Hwàn ay isà ŋ malakì ŋ ikinatwá naŋ kanya ŋ kababáyan. The doctor’s saving of Juan’s life was a cause of great gladness to his fellow-townsmen. Aŋ pagkàtáwag nyà sa médiko ŋ nagligtàs naŋ búhay naŋ kanya 40ŋ anàk ay dahilàn sa pagkàgámit nya naŋ teléfono. His chance of calling the doctor who saved his child’s life was due to the use he was enabled to make of the telephone. Aŋ nagìŋ pagkágupit nyà sa makapàl na damìt ay naŋyáre dahilàn sa paggámit nya naŋ guntìŋ naŋ láta. The fact that he was able to cut the thick cloth was due to his using the tin-shears. Aŋ pagkáhampas nyà sa maŋa bátàʾ ay dahilàn sa kahabáan naŋ kanya ŋ pamáloʾ. He can hit the children 5because of the length of his stick. Aŋ pagkàháraŋ kina Hwàn ay sya nilà ŋ ikinawalá naŋ kanila ŋ salapèʾ. Juan and his party’s having been held up was what deprived them of their money. Aŋ pagkàháti nya sa tubù ay hindí maŋyàyáre kuŋ gumámit sya naŋ mapurùl na gúlok. He would not have been able to slice the sugar-cane 10down its length (as a game or trick), if he had used a dull bolo. Pagkàísip nya kuŋ anò aŋ dápat nya ŋ gawìn sa magnanákaw na nàhúli nya, ay ginawá nya iyòn agàd. When he had at last hit upon the idea of what to do with the thief he had caught, he immediately carried it out. Naŋhináyaŋ aŋ boo ŋ báyan sa 15pagkápatay kay Risàl naŋ maŋa Kastílaʾ. The whole country mourned over the killing of Rizal by the Spaniards. Aŋ ámi ŋ pagkásakay sa baŋkàʾ ay syà ŋ nagligtàs sa ámi ŋ búhay. Our having been able to get into the canoe is what saved our lives. Aŋ pagkàsúnog naŋ maŋa magnanákaw sa báyan ay pinarusáhan naŋ 20gubyèrno. The thieves’ burning the town was punished by the government. Aŋ pagkátayo naŋ isa ŋ báhay-pàmahaláa ŋ batò ay dahilàn sa pagpapaalaála ni Hwàn naŋ paŋánib sa súnog. The fact that a stone government-building came after all to be built, was due to Juan’s calling attention to the danger from fire. Anu 25ŋ pagkátipid ni Hwàn! How saving Juan has been! So from: sábi, táwag.
462. The active is used of certain acts of sensation whose occurrence is out of the control of the subject: aŋ nakàkìkilála, aŋ nakàkàkilála one who has got knowledge of a person or thing, has 30come to know his habits, recognizes his nature. Aŋ pagkàgúlat ni Hwána ay syà ŋ ikinátawà naŋ marámi ŋ nakàkàkíta. Juana’s astonishment amused many who saw it. With kilála compare nakáramdàm felt; with kíta, nakàmálay, nakátanàw, and nakárinìg heard.
35Abstract: Malínaw aŋ pagkàkíta ko sa naŋyáre. I had a clear view of what took place. So: dinìg, masìd, tanàw.
463. The direct passive has the forms mà-, mà- R, nà-, nà- R.
It may correspond regularly to the active type in § [460], and 40denote an object undergoing an accidental action of a rational actor.
Nàáso ko sa boo ŋ báyan aŋ bátaʾ, káhit na hindí ko gustò. I was forced to go shouting after the child all over town, though I didn’t like to do it. Hindí mu ba nàbása sa diyáriyo aŋ tuŋkùl sa súnog? Haven’t you come across the details of the fire in the paper? Baká mo màbásag, Hwána, iyà ŋ pinaglàlaruwan mò ŋ 5kandeléro. See that you don’t break that candlestick you’re playing with, Juana. Nádala nyà naŋ hindí sinásadyàʾ sa kanya ŋ pagalìs aŋ áki ŋ páyoŋ. When he went away he inadvertently carried off my umbrella. Nàgambála ku aŋ pagaáral ni Hwàn dahilàn sa áki ŋ pagdatìŋ na walá sa óras. I disturbed Juan in 10his studying by my untimely arrival. Nàgámit ni Hwàn aŋ áki ŋ, sombréro dahilàn sa kanyà ŋ pagmamadalí naŋ pagalìs. Juan used my hat in the haste of his departure. Nàgísiŋ nya sa kanya ŋ pagiiŋày aŋ maŋa bátaʾ. What with his racket he woke up the children. Náhampàs naŋ hindí sinásadyá ni Pédro aŋ bábuy naŋ 15kanya ŋ kápit-báhay. Pedro inadvertently hit his neighbor’s hog with his whip. Nàíwan din nyà sa ákin aŋ kanyà ŋ anàk, káhit na itò y áyaw nya ŋ gawìn. She was also forced to leave her child with me, although she disliked to do this. Nápatày ko naŋ barìl-barílan aŋ manòk. I accidentally killed the chicken with my toy-gun. 20Kánin mo aŋ milòn, kuŋ iyu ŋ gustò, o kayàʾ aŋ ságiŋ, kuŋ sya mo itò ŋ nàpìpíleʾ.—Nàpìpíli ko aŋ milòn. Eat the banana, if you like, or the melon, if you prefer it.—I prefer the melon. Nápitas nyà aŋ bulaklàk naŋ hindí sinásadyàʾ. She picked the flower without intending to. Nàpútol ko naŋ hindí sinásadyàʾ aŋ lúbid na 25itò. I chanced, without intending it, to cut this string. Baká mo màsíraʾ, Hwàn, aŋ patágo sa iyù ŋ kwàlta naŋ iyu ŋ kapatìd. See to it, Juan, that you don’t do away with your brother’s money that is entrusted to you. Nàusísà ni Hwána aŋ inumìt na siŋsìŋ naŋ kanyà ŋ kapatìd. Juana happened to inquire for the ring her 30sister had filched. So from: aŋkìn, búlag, bútas, hábol, patày, púlot.
464. The direct passive may correspond regularly to the active described in § [461], and denote an object undergoing an action which a rational actor was enabled to perform by virtue of 35outer circumstances.