(a) Passives from words with prefix ka- (§ [398]) are frequent. Aŋ búkid ni Hwàn ay nàkàkarátig naŋ kay Pédro. Juan’s field borders on Pedro’s. Nàkasále nya sa kanya ŋ paglalaròʾ aŋ kanya ŋ pínsan. He took his cousin for playmate. Si Maryáno ay nàkatálo 30ni Hwàn. Mariano was Juan’s opponent. Si Narsíso aŋ lági ŋ nàkàkatálo ni Pédro sa maŋa pagtatálo ŋ idinàdáos liŋgo-liŋgò sa kanila ŋ sàmáhan. Narcisso is always Pedro’s opponent in the debates which they hold every Sunday at their club. Si Lúkas aŋ màkàkatálo ko. Lucas will be my opponent. nàkàkatúŋo the person 35one happens to be dealing with. nàkaúsap be by chance able to be conversed with.
Underlying word non-existent: Nàkatúlog si Hwàn sa panunoòd naŋ teátro. Juan fell asleep while watching the play. Umulàn kagabì at lumamìg, kaniyàʾ ako nàkatúlog naŋ mahimbìŋ. Last 40night it rained and got cool; in consequence I fell sound asleep, got a sound sleep. Hindí ako màkatúlog. I couldn’t get any sleep. Abstract: aŋ pagkàkatúlog.
(b) Explicit plural of the preceding: Naŋàkàkatúlog sila ŋ lahàt, naŋ pumások sa báhay aŋ magnanákaw. They had all fallen asleep, when the thief came into the house. Pagpilítan ninyò ŋ hwag kayò ŋ maŋàkatúlog sa inyo ŋ pagbabantày sa maŋa háyop at iba pà ŋ árì naŋ pàmahalaàn. See to it that you don’t fall 5asleep when on guard over the animals and other property of the government. Ŋayòn ay maŋàkàkatúlog silà, dahilàn sa maláon nila ŋ pagpupuyàt gabi-gabì. Now they will be able to sleep, owing to their staying up late night after night.
471. Passive with pag- (cf. § [445]): the reduplication affects 10the pag-. Hindí ko màpagáway aŋ tamìs at aŋ ásim naŋ limonáda ŋ itò. I cannot produce a balance of sweet and sour in this lemonade. Sa kalaúnan ay nàpagkilála ni Hwàn aŋ kanya ŋ kamàlían. Finally Juan saw where he was wrong. Hindí nya nàpagkúroʾ agàd kuŋ anò aŋ gàgawin nyà. He was not able to decide at once 15what he was going to do. Nàpàpagkúrù mo bà aŋ lahàt naŋ sinábi ko sa iyò kahápon? Are you able to figure out all I said to you yesterday? Hindí ko màpagkúro kuŋ anò aŋ íbig nya ŋ sabíhin. I simply couldn’t make out what he was trying to say.
(a) Accent shift is due to the root: Áyon sa sábi naŋ marámi 20ay màpàpaghuli na ràw aŋ maŋa magnanákaw. According to what people say, the thieves will soon be caught.
472. Passive with paŋ-: Nàpanagínip niya ŋ nàkíta nya aŋ kanya ŋ amà. He dreamt he saw his father.
473. makà- D is used in prohibitions: Hwag kà ŋ makàláyas-láyas! 25Don’t ever run away! So from tuŋtóŋ.
(a) with paki-: Hwag kà ŋ makàpakikáin-káin kuŋ hindí ka inàanyáhan. Don’t ever take a meal with people unless they invite you.
474. The instrumental passive is rare: badiyà, màilabàs, màipások, 30màitúroʾ.
475. Local passive with mà-.