30212. The particle sa has a number of derivatives which are transient in meaning, but otherwise have the same construction as sa; they are pretonic. Sya y nása Maynílaʾ. He is in Manila. Sya y nása kanya ŋ báhay. He is in his house. Aŋ tinterúhan ay nása bíŋit naŋ lamésa. The inkwell is at the edge of the table. 35For these forms see Morphology.
d. Absolute attributes.
213. Absolute attribution, in which no particle is used, is confined to certain expressions and types of expressions. Some absolute attributes and some of the particles introducing absolute 40attributes end in -ŋ or -t; these may contain the particle ŋ or at (§ [313]).
We may divide the cases of absolute attribution into six types, although these are not fully distinct from one another: (1) enclitic particles, (2) prepositive particles, (3) single words used as attributes of manner and time, (4) absolute complements, (5) words used with disjunctive and local attributes, (6) words introducing 5subordinate phrases or predications.
(1) enclitic particles.
214. The enclitic particles which are used as absolute attributes follow a monosyllabic enclitic pronoun (kà, kò, mò) but precede a disyllabic enclitic pronoun (including niyà, nyà, siyà, syà). 10Among themselves they follow the general rule: monosyllabic enclitics precede disyllabic enclitics (§ [47]).
215. bà is expressive of interrogation in yes-and-no questions and often in others: Máy-roon ba silà ŋ ginawàʾ? Have they done anything? Máy-roon ka bà ŋ gàgawìn? Have you anything 15to do? Ipinùpútol mo ba akò naŋ tubò? Will you cut some sugar-cane for me? Pinapagpùpútol ba nila syà naŋ káhoy? Does he get ordered by them to cut wood? i. e. Do they have him cut wood? Ano bà aŋ inilùlútu mo? What is it you are cooking? Anu ba kayò? What sort of people are you? Hindí mu ba nàkíta si 20Hwàn sa teyátro? Didn’t you see Juan at the theatre? Aŋ iyo bà ŋ kapatìd? Your sister? See §§ [223]. 229.
216. bagà throws more stress on the interrogation: Ikàw bagà y nagasáwa? Did you (ever) get married? See §§ [290]. 317.
217. dàw, ràw expresses that the sentence represents the 25saying of someone other than the speaker; the person so quoted may be the agent of the sentence itself: Pagkà pinapagpútol mo ràw sya naŋ kawáyan ay làláyas syà. When he is ordered by you to cut bamboo, he will leave, I am told, or: he will leave, he says. Aŋ paguupú raw nya sa damò ay mabúti sa kanyà. He 30says (or: They say) his habit of sitting on the grass is good for him. It is sometimes used pleonastically, see the example in § [278].
218. dìn, rìn expresses that the expression modified (which may be the whole sentence or an element within the sentence) is 35like a corresponding earlier idea: Ako rìn aŋ nagpalígo sa bátaʾ. It was I, too, that bathed the child (beside the other things I did), i. e. I also bathed the child. Si Hwan dìn aŋ naglínis naŋ kabalyerésa. Juan also cleaned a stable or stables (beside the other things he did). Si Hwàn ay naglínis rìn naŋ kabalyerésa. 40Juan, too, cleaned stables. Here dìn is an attribute of naglínis naŋ kabalyerésa: this act has been performed by Juan even as by others previously spoken of or known of. Si Hwána ay naglúto naŋ estopádo; kamakalawà naglútu rin akò naŋ estopádo. Juana cooked meat-stew; day-before-yesterday I too cooked meat-stew. Iyo ŋ úna ŋ kumalabòg ay akò, aŋ ikalawà ay ako rìn. 5That first thing which came down with a thud was I, the second was I again. Nahúlog dìn syà. He fell down again. Káhit na madilìm aŋ gabì ay nagpasyal dìn si Pédro. Although the night was dark, Pedro none the less (i. e. even as at other times) took a walk.