251. The pretonic particle maŋà is the sign of explicit plurality 40with object expressions. It precedes the central element immediately, not even the na, ŋ necessitated by a preceding conjunctive attribute comes between; only ibà may come after maŋà: aŋ kanyà ŋ magúlaŋ, or: aŋ kanyà ŋ maŋa magúlaŋ his, her parents, aŋ maŋa ibà ŋ táo other people. Redundantly: Sa tapàt naŋ báhay ni Pédro ay marámi ŋ maŋa bulaklàk. In front of Pedro’s house there are many flowers. Aŋ áraw ay sya ŋ pinópoon naŋ ilà ŋ maŋa salbáhe sa Áfrika. The sun is worshipped 5by some savages in Africa. And even: aŋ maŋa ilan pà ŋ maŋa tanòŋ several further questions. With maŋà compare the prefix of the same form, see Morphology.
252. The pretonic particle máy belongs here. For examples see §§ [69]. 70. 85. 110. 139.
10253. nì pretonic, is a frequent substitute (Spanish) for káhit (§ [245]) in negative sentences. The object expressions which begin with it never take aŋ (§ [68]): Ní isa y walà ŋ nátira. There isn’t a single one left. Walá ní isa. There isn’t a single one. Nàbuksàn aŋ pintú naŋ wala ŋ nakàmálay nì sínu màn. The door 15came open without anyone noticing it. Walà ŋ nátira ní isa naŋ maŋa péras sa mésa. Not one was left of the pears on the table.
Occasionally nì seems to take the place of naŋ before káhit: Bákit hindí sya makátagpo nì káhit isà naŋ maŋa bágay na itò? Why could he not meet even a single one of these things? Cf. 20§ [319].
254. The pretonic particle tagà, tigà preceding an expression of place forms an expression denoting a person from that place: Sya y isa ŋ taga Kapampáŋan. He is a Pampangan. aŋ taga búkid, aŋ tiga búkid: aŋ isa ŋ táo ŋ túbo sa búkid a country-man: 25a person raised in the country, aŋ mayáma ŋ taga iba ŋ báyan the rich man from another town, stranger, foreigner, aŋ maŋa taga iba t ibà ŋ lupaìn people from various countries. So: taga báyan, tiga báyan townsman, taga Filipínas Filipino, taga Amérika American, taga Espánya Spaniard (beside Amerikáno, 30Kastílaʾ). Cf. in Morphology, the prefix taga-.
255. Numerative pronouns and cardinal numerals are used as absolute attributes before katáo persons, men: sa m pú katáo ten people, ten men; or: sa m pù ŋ táo; Ilàn katáo (or: Ilà ŋ táo) aŋ bumúhat sa báhay? How many men lifted at the house?
35256. The terms of relationship and titles which are treated as personal names (§ [59]) precede a name as absolute attributes; after most of those that end in a syllabic, n, or ʾ, ŋ is however used. Some titles occur only in this construction: si Kúya ŋ Pédro my oldest brother Pedro, si Atè Lóleŋ my oldest sister 40Lola, si Iŋkòŋ Píro Grandfather Pedro, si Indà ŋ Hwána, or: si Impò ŋ Hwána Grandmother Juana, si Áli ŋ Maryà, or: si Tiyà Maryà Aunt Maria, si Mà ŋ Andrès Uncle Andrés, Don Andrés, si Ginoò ŋ Polikàrpiyo Mr. Policarpio, si Gíniŋ Màrkes Miss or Mrs. Marques, si Párì Hwàn Father Juan, si Mayèstro ŋ Pédro Teacher Pedro, Master Pedro, si Báo ŋ Mariyà Widow Maria, si nasíra ŋ Mariyà the deceased Maria.
(3) words used as absolute attributes of manner and time.
257. The words used as absolute attributes of manner and 5time resemble in meaning conjunctive attributes and are frequently used in the latter construction. As a rule they are loosely joined and absolute. In this way are used:
258. Derivatives by doubling of words of time, in the sense of every (day, night, etc.). With these goes the compound áraw-gabè 10day and night. For both formations see Morphology. Hinàhatdan nyà akò naŋ gátas áraw-áraw. He delivers milk to me every day. Gabi-gabì ay tinùtulúgan naŋ bantày aŋ áki ŋ báhay. Every night the sentry makes our house his sleeping-place.