293. haŋgàŋ as far as, to, until may be haŋgàn limit, end plus ŋ; instead of the absolute construction the phrase is, however, 5often in local form. For lack of aŋ in the phrase see § [68]. Naghintày sya haŋgàŋ kataŋhalían. He waited till noon. Aŋ púnoʾ ay tumúboʾ haŋgàŋ sa magbúŋa. The tree grew until (it) bore fruit. Silà ay nagtakbúhan haŋgàŋ sa dumatìŋ sila sa kanila ŋ báyan. They both ran until they arrived in their town. 10As predicate: Aŋ kúlaŋ naŋ gátas ay haŋgàŋ sa leèg naŋ bóte. The lack of milk is as far as the neck of the bottle, i. e. The milk goes only up to the neck of the bottle.
294. káhit (§ [245]), with or without na, in the sense of although, no matter (cf. §§ [290]. 317). The subordinate word or 15phrase has usually the form of a question; when it is an entire predication the predicate stands first: Tinalaga nyà ŋ sumáma, káhit na saàn sya dalhìn. He decided to go along, no matter where he was carried. Káhit na anò aŋ iyútos nya ay sinúsunòd. No matter what it was he ordered, (it) was obeyed. Káhit na 20madilìm aŋ gabì ay nagpasyal dìn si Pédro. Though the night was dark, Pedro nevertheless took a walk. Káhit na bahagyà aŋ ulàn ay nakabasàʾ naŋ karsáda. Though the rain was scanty, it sufficed to wet the streets. Káhit ulòl aŋ áso ay áyaw nya ŋ patayìn. Although the dog was mad, he did not want to kill it.
25Note the following instance, in which káhit na precedes its phrase as a closely joined attribute: Nàramdaman kò aŋ kalabìt nya sa ákin, káhit na akò natùtúlog. I felt his touch against me, even though I was asleep.
Phrases with káhit may be closely joined to the main sentence: 30Nàpùpútol nya káhit na walá sya ŋ kasaŋkápan aŋ bákal naŋ kanya ŋ bìlaŋgúan. He managed, even though he had no tools, to cut the iron of his prison. aŋ táo káhit laláki o babáye na nagàári sa kanyà the person, man or woman, who owns it.
295. kaniyàʾ, kanyàʾ (§ [241]) expressive of result, may with 35its phrase be subordinated. It then stands as a closely joined attribute of its phrase: Kanyá nya iníwan aŋ páyoŋ ay sapagkàt nagtígil aŋ ulàn at lumiwánag aŋ láŋit. The reason he left his umbrella (quasi-subject) was because the rain let up and the sky cleared. Accordingly we may analyze as subordinate such clauses as the following: Náupó sya sa tinìk, kanyá sya nápatindìg agàd. He sat down on a spine, so as to jump at once, i. e. that is why he jumped up at once. Cf., however, § [324].
296. The particle kapàg if, in case (of single events viewed 5as completed in the future, synonymous with pagkà, § [304]), see § [300]: Aŋ hiniràm nya ŋ kampìt ay iyo ŋ kúnin, kapag ipinùpútol na nyà naŋ káhoy. Take away the knife he borrowed if he uses it to cut wood.
297. kayàʾ (§ [219]) is sometimes used exactly like kaniyàʾ 10(§ [295]): Kayàʾ aku naparíto ay kùkúnin ku aŋ hiniràm mo ŋ librò. I am going to take the book you have borrowed, so that I have come here, i. e. I have come here to.... The act is expressed as a subordinate element, the purpose as the principal sentence. Nagpùpútol si Hwàn naŋ káhoy, kayá sya y wala ríto. 15Juan is cutting wood now, that is why he is not here.
298. The atonic particle kuŋ preceding an expression of time states the time when of repeated occurrences: Gumàgámit kamì naŋ makapàl na damìt kuŋ tagulàn. We use thick clothing in the rainy season. Nagtìtípon naŋ pagkáin aŋ maŋa 20laŋgàm kuŋ tagáraw. The ants collect food in summer. Aŋ hùníhan naŋ maŋa íbon kuŋ umága ay nakalìligáya. The chirping of the birds in the morning is gladdening. Aŋ iba ŋ táwo y mabúti pa ŋ makisáma káy sa isà ŋ kapatìd kuŋ mínsan. An unrelated person is better to associate with than a brother at 25times. So: kuŋ gabè at night, of nights, kuŋ fiyèsta naŋ báyan during the (periodic) fiesta of the town, kuŋ madilìm at dark, when it is dark, kuŋ bahàʾ at flood-times, kuŋ buwàn naŋ Húniyo in June.
Occasionally the phrase with kuŋ is closely joined: Hindí 30hasàʾ kuŋ mínsan aŋ maŋa bágu ŋ patalìm sa Filipínas. In the Philippines new cutlery is sometimes without an edge (i. e. sold without an edge, to be sharpened by the purchaser).
299. With phrases in the form of a question (minus bà § [215] or bagà § [216]) kuŋ expresses indirect question. The expression 35so formed stands as quasi-subject or quasi-object (cf. §§ [157]. [158]) or as predicate: Naalaála nya kuŋ papáno aŋ paggawàʾ naŋ salamaŋkà. He managed to recall how the trick was done. Ipináyu nya na kuŋ sínu sa kanilà aŋ pinkamahúsay na magsalitàʾ naŋ Latìn ay siya lámaŋ kàkáin naŋ itlòg. He advised 40that whoever (kuŋ síno) among them was the best at speaking Latin should be the one who alone ate the egg. Si Pédro ay nagíisìp kuŋ saàn nya naíwan aŋ kanya ŋ páyoŋ. Pedro is trying to recall where he left his umbrella. Nàlàláman mo bà kuŋ saàn sya nároon? Do you know where he is? Aŋ maŋa táo-ŋ-báyan ay nagsiyásat kuŋ maàári sila ŋ magtayò naŋ isa ŋ mákina naŋ bìgásan sa kanila ŋ báyan. The townspeople considered whether they could put up a machine for thrashing rice in their 5town. Aŋ siyásat ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pagparíto ay kuŋ ilà ŋ kúra aŋ nàrìritò sa áti ŋ báyan. Juan’s inquiry when he got here was how many priests there are in our town.