[439] Qualified indication arises from likeness, as the man is like an ox from his stupidity; pure indication from any other relation, as cause and effect, &c., thus butter is the cause of longevity.
[440] I.e., an hour, a ghaṭiká being twenty-four minutes.
[441] The náḍís or tubular vessels are generally reckoned to be 101, with ten principal ones; others make sixteen principal náḍís. They seem taken afterwards in pairs.
[442] Mádhava uses the same illustration in his commentary on the passage in the Aitareya Bráhmaṇa (iii. 29), where the relation of the vital airs, the seasons, and the mantras repeated with the offerings to the seasons, is discussed. "The seasons never stand still; following each other in order one by one, as spring, summer, the rains, autumn, the cold and the foggy seasons, each consisting of two months, and so constituting the year of twelve months, they continue revolving again and again like a waterwheel (ghaṭíyantravat); hence the seasons never pause in their course."
[443] This refers to a peculiar tenet of Hindu mysticism, that each involuntary inspiration and expiration constitutes a mantra, as their sound expresses the word so'haṃ (i.e., haṃsaḥ), "I am he." This mantra is repeated 21,600 times in every twenty-four hours; it is called the ajapámantra, i.e., the mantra uttered without voluntary muttering.
[444] I.e., that which conveys the inhaled and the exhaled breath.
[445] I cannot explain this. We might read guruvarṇánám for guṇavarṇánáṃ, as the time spent in uttering a guruvarṇa is a vipala, sixty of which make a pala, and two and a half palas make a minute; but this seems inconsistent with the other numerical details. The whole passage may be compared with the opening of the fifth act of the Málatímádhava.
[446] Sixty palas make a ghaṭiká (50 + 40 + 30 + 20 + 10 = 150, i.e., the palas in two and a half ghaṭikás or one hour).
[447] Cf. Colebrooke's Essays, vol. i. p. 256.
[448] Literally "the being ever more."