| NORSE. | ENGLISH. | FRENCH. |
| Toft | Toft | Tot. |
| Beck | Beck | Bec. |
| Flöt | Fleet[[33]] | Fleur, &c. |
and in these shapes they appear in the Norman names Yvetot, Caudebec, and Harfleur, &c.
Now any words thus introduced from the Norse of Scandinavia into the French of Normandy, might, by the Norman Conquest of England, be carried further, and so find their way into the English.
In such a case, they would constitute its indirect Scandinavian element.
A list of these words has not been made; indeed the question requires far more investigation than it has met with. The names, however, of the islands Guerns-ey, Jers-ey, and Aldern-ey, are certainly of the kind in question—since the -ey, meaning island, is the same as the -ey in Orkn-ey, and is the Norse rather than the Saxon form.
[§ 77]. Latin of the third period.—This means the Latin which was introduced between the battle of Hastings and the revival of literature. It chiefly originated in the cloister, in the universities, and, to a certain extent, in the courts of law. It must be distinguished from the indirect Latin introduced as part and parcel of the Anglo-Norman. It has yet to be accurately analyzed.
[§ 78]. Latin of the fourth period.—This means the Latin which has been introduced between the revival of literature and the present time. It has originated in the writings of learned men in general, and is distinguished from that of the previous periods by:
1. Being less altered in form:
2. Preserving, with substantives, in many cases its original inflections; axis, axes; basis, bases: