Louis Pasteur: His Life and Labours

by René Vallery-Radot

'He that thoroughly understands the nature of ferments and fermentations,' said the physicist Robert Boyle, 'shall probably be much better able than he that ignores them, to give a fair account of divers phenomena of certain diseases (as well fevers as others), which will perhaps be never properly understood without an insight into the doctrine of fermentations.'

At all times, medical theories, more particularly those which concern the etiology of virulent diseases, have had to encounter the opposition of explanations invented to account for the phenomena of fermentation. When Pasteur in 1856 began his labours on these subjects, the ideas of Liebig were everywhere revived. Like the ferments, so the viruses and processes of disease were considered as the results of atomic motions proper to substances in course of molecular change, and able to communicate themselves to the diverse constituents of the living body.

The researches of Pasteur on the part played by microscopic organisms in fermentation, changed the course of these ideas. The ancient medical theory of parasites and living contagia was revived. A German Professor, Dr. Traube, in 1864, put forward, in one of his clinical lectures, a new doctrine of the ammoniacal fermentation of urine.

'For a long period,' he said, 'the mucus of the bladder was regarded as the agent of the alkaline decomposition of urine. It was supposed that, in consequence of the distension produced by the retention of the liquid, the irritated bladder produced a larger quantity of mucus, and this mucus was regarded as the ferment which brought about the decomposition of urea, by an innate chemical force. This opinion (which was that of Liebig) cannot hold its ground in presence of the researches of Pasteur. This investigator has demonstrated, in the most decisive manner, that alkaline fermentation, like alcoholic and acetic fermentation, is produced by living organisms, the pre-existence of which in the liquid is the sine quâ non of the process.' And Dr. Traube, citing some facts which confirmed the doctrine of Pasteur, concluded thus: 'Notwithstanding the long retention of the urine, its alkaline fermentation is not produced by an increased secretion of mucus or of pus; it only begins to develop from the moment when the germs of vibrios find access to the bladder from without.

The opposite doctrines of Liebig and Pasteur are here brought into clear juxtaposition; and thus was their mutual and reciprocal influence established in dealing with the etiology of one of the most serious diseases of the bladder. So far back as 1862, Pasteur, in his memoir on spontaneous generation, had announced, contrary to all the notions then held, that whenever urine becomes ammoniacal, a little microscopic fungus is the cause of this alteration. Later on he established that in affections of the bladder ammoniacal urine was never found without the presence of this fungus; and in order to show how in these studies therapeutic application often runs hand in hand with scientific discovery, Pasteur, having proved, with his assistant, M. Joubert, that boracic acid is antagonistic to the development of the ammoniacal ferment, advised Dr. Guyon, Clinical Professor of Urinary Diseases in the Faculty of Paris, to combat the dangerous ammoniacal fermentation by injection of boracic acid into the bladder. The celebrated surgeon hastened to follow this advice, and with the most happy results. While attributing to Pasteur the honour of this discovery, M. Guyon, in one of his lectures, said:—

'Boracic acid has this immense advantage, that it can be applied in large doses—3 to 4 per cent.—without causing the slightest pain. It has therefore become, in our practice, the agent continually and successfully used for injections. I also have recourse to a solution of boracic acid to produce large evacuations after the operation of breaking up stones in the bladder (lithotrity). I never omit to use this antiseptic agent in operations where breaking up is required, and I never wash the bladders of lithotritised patients with any other substance. I have also had good results from copiously washing the bladders and the wounds of patients on whom lithotomy has been performed with boracic acid. I always finish the operation by prolonged irrigations with a solution of from 3 to 4 per cent.'

It was not only into France and Germany that Pasteur's ideas penetrated; in England, surgery borrowed from Pasteur's researches important therapeutic applications. In 1865 Dr. Lister began in Edinburgh the brilliant series of his triumphs in surgery by the application of his antiseptic method, now universally adopted. In the month of February 1874 in a letter which does honour to the sincerity and modesty of the great English surgeon, he wrote to Pasteur as follows:—

'It gives me pleasure to think that you will read with some interest what I have written about an organism which you were the first to study in your memoir on lactic fermentation. I do not know whether you read the 'British Medical Journal;' if so, you will from time to time have seen accounts of the antiseptic system which for the last nine years I have been trying to bring to perfection. Allow me to take this opportunity of sending you my most cordial thanks, for having, by your brilliant researches, demonstrated to me the truth of the germ theory of putrefaction, thus giving me the only principle which could lead to a happy end the antiseptic system.'

Pasteur followed with lively interest the movement of thought and the successful applications to which his labours had given rise. It was a realisation of the hopes he had ventured to entertain. Already, in 1860, he expressed the wish that he might be able to carry his researches far enough to prepare the way for a profound study of the origin of diseases. And, as he gradually advanced in the discovery of living ferments, he hoped more and more to arrive at the knowledge of the causes of contagious diseases.