A Manual of Elementary Geology / or, The Ancient Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants as Illustrated by Geological Monuments - Sir Charles Lyell

A.

Ægean Sea, mud of, [35.]
animal life in depths of, [137.]
Agassiz, M., cited, [192.] [276.] [300.] [335.] [344.] [345.]
on parallel roads, [87.]
on fossil fishes of molasse and faluns, [171.]
on fossil fish of Lias, [275.]
on fossil fish in Permian marl-slate, [304.]
on fish from Sheppey, [202.]
on foot-prints, [299.]
on fishes of brown coal, [417.]
on glaciers, [140.] [143.]
Age of formation determined by fragments of older rock, [101.]
of metamorphic rocks, [482.]
test of, in plutonic rocks by relative position, [449.]
of Spanish volcanos, [414.]
of volcanic rocks, how tested, [397]-[400.]
Aix-la-Chapelle, hot spring at, [477.]
Alabaster defined, [13.]
Alabama, cretaceous shingle of, [225.]
Alberti on the Keuper, [287.]
Alexander, Capt., marine shells in crag, found by, [149.]
Alluvium, term explained, [79.]
in Auvergne, [80.]
of the Wealden, [252.]
Alps, nummulitic formation of, [205.]
curved strata of, [58.]
Swiss and Savoy, cleavage of, [470.]
of Switzerland, [483.]
Alpine blocks on the Jura, [142.]
erratics, [140.]
Altered rocks, [381.] [456.]
by subterranean gases, [476.]
Alternations of rocks, [14.]
of marine and freshwater formations, [32.]
Alumine in rocks, [11.]
Amblyrhynchus cristatus, [279.]
America, North, lithodomi in beaches of, [78.]
South, cretaceous strata, [225.]
South, gradual rise of parts of, [46.]
South, fossils of, [157.]
Amygdaloid, [372.]
Amphitherium, [268.]
Andelys, chalk cliffs at, [239.]
Andernach, strata near, [417.]
Andes, plutonic rocks of, [453.]
rocks drifted from to Chiloe, [144.]
Anthracite in Rhode Island, [478.]
Anticlinal line, [48.] [57.]
Antrim, rocks altered by dikes in, [382.]
Antwerp, strata like Suffolk crag near, [166.]
Apateon pedestris, a carboniferous reptile, [336.]
Appalachian coal-field, [329.]
Appalachians, altered rocks in, [478.]
Apennines, limestone in, [482.]
Apteryx in New Zealand, [158.]
Aqueous rocks defined, [2.]
rocks, mineral character of, [97.]
deposits, superposition of, [96.]
Arbroath, section from, to the Grampians, [48.]
Archegosaurus, figure of, [337.]
Archiac, M., cited, [143.]
on fossils in chalk, [221.]
on shells in French Lower Eocene, [196.]
Ardèche, lava in, [385.]
Arenaceous rocks described, [11.]
Argillaceous rocks, [11.]
schist, [465.]
Argile plastique, or Lower Eocene, [196.]
Argyleshire, trap-vein in cliff, [379.]
Arran, age of granite in, [459.]
section of, [461.]
dike of greenstone in, [379.]
Arthur's Seat, altered strata of, [383.]
Ashby-de-la-Zouch, fault in coal-field of, [69.]
Ascension, lamination of volcanic rocks in, [480.]
Asterophyllites, [314.]
Asti, formations at, [167.]
Atherfield, cretaceous strata of, [219.]
Augite, [369.]
Aurillac, freshwater strata of, [188.]
Austen, Mr., R. A. C., on phosphate of lime, [219.]
Australian cave-breccias, [155.]
Auvergne freshwater formations, [186.]
succession of changes in, [180.]
lacustrine strata, [181.]
mineral veins of, [493.]
indusial limestone, [184.]
extinct volcanos of, [422.]
alluvium in, [80.]
Aymestry limestone, [352.]

B.

Bagshot sands, [199.]
Bacillaria, fossil in tripoli, [25.]
Baiæ, Bay of, strata in, [403.]
Bakewell, Mr., on cleavages of Alps, [470.]
Balgray, near Glasgow, stumps of trees in coal, [317.]
Bahia Blanca, fossil remains at, [148.]
Baltic, brackish water strata on coast of, [114.]
Barcombe, chalk flints near, [253.]
Barton Cliff, [198.]
Barrande, M., on trilobites, [358.]
Basterot, M. de, on tertiaries of south of France, [105.]
Basalt, [371.]
columnar in the Eifel, [387.]
columnar, near Vicenza, [386.]
columnar, structure of, [384.]
Basset, term explained, [56.]
Batrachian, eggs of, in Old Red, Scotland, Postscript, [x.]
Bayfield, Capt., on fossil shells in Canada, [134.]
on inland cliffs in Gulf of St. Lawrence, [78.]
Bean, Mr., shells similar to those in Norwich crag found in Yorkshire by, [149.]
Bean, Mr., on fossil shells from oolite, [272.]
Beachy Head, chalk cliffs near, [246.]
Beaumont, M. E. de, on rocks of Hautes Alpes, [455.]
on lamination of volcanic rocks, [480.]
on Swiss Alps, [484.]
on quartz, [439.]
on oolite formation in France, [221.]
Beck, Dr., on kelp, [217.]
on graptolites, [357.]
cited, [162.] [186.]
Belemnite in Oxford clay, [262.]
Berger, Dr., on rocks altered by dikes, [382.]
Bergmann on trap, [366.]
Berlin, tertiary strata near, [177.]
Bermuda Islands, lagoons in, [216.]
rocks of, [78.]
Bernese Alps, gneiss in, [484.]
Berthier, on augite and hornblende, [369.]
Beudant, M., on Hungary, [421.]
Beyrich, Prof., on tertiary strata near Berlin, [177.]
Biaritz, calcareous cliffs of, [72.]
Bilin, tripoli, composed of infusoria, [25.]
Binney, Mr., on stigmaria and sigillaria, [315.]
Birds, footprints of, [298.]
fossil, scarcity of, Postscript, [xix.]
Bischoff, Prof., experiments on heat, [476.]
on steam at a high temperature, [477.]
Blainville, on number of genera of mollusca, [28.]
Boase, Dr., cited, [479.]
Boblaye, M., on inland cliffs, [73.]
cited, [431.]
Bog-iron ore, [26.]
Borrowdale, black-lead of, [38.]
Bordeaux, tertiary deposits of, [171.]
Bosquet, M., on Maestricht beds, [210.]
Bothnia, Gulf of, land upheaved, [45.]
Boué, M., on arrangement of rocks, [95.]
on fossil shells in Hungary, [421.]
on Carrara marble, [482.]
on Swiss Alps, [484.]
Bonelli, on strata in Italy, [106.]
Boulder formation in Canada, [133.]
period, fauna of, [126.]
formation, mineral ingredients of, [126.]
formation in England, [130.]
Boulders, [123.]
striated, [136.]
Boutigny, M., cited, [441.]
Bowen, Lieut. A., R.N., drawings of rocks in Gulf of St. Lawrence, [78.]
Bowerbank, Mr., on fossil flora of Sheppey, [200.]
Bowman, Mr., on coal-seams, [330.]
Bracklesham Bay, characteristic shells of, [199.]
Brash, term, explained, [81.]
Bravard, M., on Auvergne mammalia, [188.] [425.]
Breccia on ancient coast lines, [73.]
Brickenden, Captain, on Elgin fossils, Postscript, [ix.]
Brighton, elephant bed of, [256.]
Bristol, dolomitic conglomerate near, [305.]
section of strata near, [102.]
Brocchi, on Subapennines, [105]. [167.]
Brockedon, Mr., on black-lead, [38.]
Broderip, Mr., cited, [270.]
Brodie, Rev. P.B., on fossil insects, [281.]
cited, [207.]
Bromley, oyster-bed near, [204.]
Brongniart, M. Adolphe, on Eocene flora, [200.]
on flora of cretaceous period, [223.]
on fossil plants in lias, [282.]
on plants of Bunter sandstein, [288.]
on fossil fir-cones, [313.]
on Permian flora, [307.]
on sigillaria, [314.]
on asterophyllites, [314.]
on stigmaria, [315.]
age of acrogens, [316.]
on endogens, [316.]
Brongniart, M. Alex., on Paris tertiaries, [104.]
on Eocene formation, [175.]
on shells of nummulitic formation, [205.]
on coal mine near Lyons, [319.]
Brora, coal formation, [272.]
Brora, granite near, [458.]
Brown, Mr. Richard, on stigmariæ, [315.]
on coal formation, [415.]
on Cape Breton coal-field, [324.] [334.]
on carboniferous rain-prints, Postscript, [xii.]
Buckland, Dr., on cave at Kirkdale, [154.]
on coal plants, [317.]
on coprolites in chalk, [216.]
on fish of Lias, [276.]
on footprints, [291.]
on mountains of Caernarvonshire, [130.]
on oyster bed near Bromley, [204.]
on parallel roads, [87.]
on term Poikilitic, [286.]
on saurians of Lias, [278.]
on sudden destruction of saurians, [280.]
cited, [155.] [231.] [233.] [267.] [268.]
Buddle, Mr., on creeps in coal mines, [50.]
on ancient river-channels of coal period, [334.]
Buist, Dr. G., on saltness of Red Sea, [296.]
Bunbury, Mr. C. J. F., on plants of coal-field, [285.]
Bunter sandstein, [288.]
Burmeister on trilobites, [358.]
Burnes, Sir A., cited, [295.]

C.

Caernarvonshire, ancient glaciers of, [130.]
Calamites, figures of, [313.]
near Pictou, [319.]
Calcaire grossier, [193.]
siliceux, [195.]
Calcareous rocks, [12.]
rocks of Gulf of Spezia, [482.]
cliffs of Biaritz, [72.]
Caldcleugh, Mr., cited, [399.]
Caldera of Palma, [392.]
Cambrian group, [361.]
volcanic rocks, [435.]
Campagna di Roma, tuffs of, [408.]
Canada, shells in drift of, [134.]
Cantal, freshwater formation of, [188.]
igneous rocks of, [429.]
freshwater beds of, [429.]
Cape Breton, coal measures of, [324.]
Wrath, granite veins in, [444.]
Caradoc sandstone, [356.]
Carbonaceous shale, [271.]
Carbonate of lime scarce in metamorphic rocks, [487.]
Carbonate of lime in rocks, how tested, [12.]
Carboniferous group, [308.]
flora, [310.]
period, plutonic rocks of, [456.]
period, volcanic rocks of, [432.]
reptiles, [335.]
Carne, Mr., on Cornish lodes, [491.] [492.]
Carrara marble, [482.]
Caryophyllia cæspitosa, bed of, in Sicily, [151.]
Castrogiovanni, bent strata near, [58.]
Catalonia, volcanic region of, [408.]
Cautley, Captain, on Sewâlik hills, [173.]
Caves in Europe, [155.]
at Kirkdale, [154.]
in Sicily, [153.]
in Australia, [156.]
Central France, Upper Eocene of, [178.]
Cetacea, fossil, rarity of, Postscript, [xxi.]
Chalk, pinnacle of, near Sherringham, [129.]
of Faxoe, [210.] and Postscript, [xv.]
white, fossils of, [26.]
white, section of, [211.]
white, extent and origin of, [215.]
white, animal origin of, [216.]
pebbles in, [217.]
difference of, in north and south of Europe, [221.]
Chalk cliffs, inland, on Seine, [238.]
needles of, in Normandy, [241.]
flints, bed of, near Barcombe, [253.]
Chambers, Mr., cited, [88.]
Chamisso, cited, [217.]
Chara, in freshwater strata, [31.]
in flints of Cantal, [189.]
in Eocene strata of France, [176.]
in Purbeck beds, [232.]
Charlesworth, Mr. E., cited, on Crag, [162.]
Charpentier, M., on Alpine glaciers, [140.]
on Swiss glaciers, [143.]
Cheirotherium, footprints of, [290.] [337.]
Chemical and mechanical deposits, [33.]
Chili, earthquake in, [61.]
gold mines in, [472.]
Chiloe, rocks drifted from Andes to, [144.]
Chlorite schist, [465.]
Christiania, dike near, [380.]
trap rocks, passage of granite into, at, [441.]
granite near, [457.]
gneiss near, [446.]
intrusion of granite into beds near, [446.]
Chronological groups, [101.]
Cinder-bed, Purbeck, [231.]
Claiborne, marine shells of, [206.]
Clausen, Mr., cited, [158.]
Clay, defined, [11.]
Clay-slate, [465.] [468.]
Clay-ironstone, [326.]
Clays, plastic, [203.]
Cleavage of rocks, [468.]
Climate of drift period, [139.]
of coal period, [335.]
Coal, zigzag flexures of, near Mons
group, [308.]
measures, [308.] [309.]
how formed, [317.]
pipes, danger of, [318.]
mine, near Lyons, [319.]
seam at Brownsville, Pennsylvania, view of, [332.]
conversion of into lignite, [333.]
formation at Brora, [272.]
seams, continuity of, [334.]
period, climate of, [335.]
strata, footprints of reptiles in, [337.]
Coal-field at Burdiehouse, [325.]
of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, [69.]
United States, diagram of, [327.]
of Yorkshire, fossils of, [325.]
Coalbrook Dale, beetles in coal of, [335.]
fossil cones in, [313.]
coal measures of, [324.]
faults in, [62.]
Cockfield Fell, rocks altered by dikes, [383.]
Columbia, vinegar river of, [191.]
Colchester, Mr., on mammalian remains at Kyson, [203.]
Côme, ravine in lava of, [427.]
Cones in Val di Noto, [389.]
and craters, absence of, in England, [6.]
and craters, [367.]
Conifers, fossil trees, [316.]
Concretionary structure, [37.]
Conglomerate, or pudding-stone, [11.]
dolomitic, [305.]
vertical in Scotland, &c., [47.]
Connecticut, valley of the, [297.]
beds, antiquity of, [300.]
Conrad, Mr., on cretaceous rocks, [224.]
Conybeare, Mr., cited, [64.] [69.] [244.] [274.]
on Plesiosaurus, [278.]
on oolite and lias, [283.]
on term Poikilitic, [286.]
on crocodiles, [201.]
Cook, Capt., on Fucus giganteus, [217.]
Coprolites in chalk, [216.]
Coralline crag, fossils in, [164.]
Coral islands and reefs, [34.] [46.]
rag of Oolite, [260.]
Corals, figures of, in crag, [165.]
of Devonian system, [346.]
of Devonian strata in United States, [349.]
in Wenlock formation, [355.]
Corinth, corrosion of rocks by gases near, [477.]
Cornbrash, [263.]
Cornwall, granite veins in, [445.] [474.]
mineral veins in, [490.] [494.]
tin of, newer than Irish copper, [499.]
Cotta, Dr. B., on granite in Saxony, [459.]
Crag coralline, fossils in, [164.]
comparison of faluns and, [170.]
of Suffolk, red and coralline, [105.] [162.]
fluvio-marine, Norwich, [148.]
Craigleith fossil trees, [40.]
quarry, slanting tree in, [320.]
Crater of Island of St. Paul, [395.]
Craven fault, [64.]
Creeps in coal-mines described, [52.]
Credneria in Quadersandstein, Postscript, [xvi.]
Cretaceous rocks of Pyrenees, [455.]
group, 209. 219. and Postscript, [xvi.]
strata in South America and India, [225.]
period, plutonic rocks of, [455.]
volcanic rocks, [431.]
rocks in United States, [224.]
Crocodiles near Cuba, [279.]
Croizet, M., on Auvergne fossil mammalia, [188.]
Cromer, contorted drift near, [129.]
"Crop out," term explained, [55.]
Crust of earth defined, [2.]
Crystalline limestone, [302.]
rocks, erroneously termed primitive, [9.]
schists defined, [7.]
Curved strata, [47.]
strata, experiments to illustrate, [49.]
Cutch, Runn of, [295.]
Cuvier, M., on Eocene formation, [175.]
on Amphitherium, [268.]
cited, [192.]
on tertiary strata near Paris, [104.]
on fossils of Montmartre, [191.]
Cyclopian Islands, [401.]
Cypris in Lias, [281.]
in Wealden, [228.]
in marl of Auvergne, [183.]
Cystideæ in Silurian rocks, [358.]

D.

Dana, Mr., on coprolites of birds, [299.]
on coral reef in Sandwich Islands, [216.]
on volcanos of Sandwich Islands, [394.] [406.] [423.]
Dartmoor, granite of, [456.]
Darwin, Mr., cited, [217.]
on boulders and glaciers in South America, [144.]
on cleavage in South America, [471.]
on coral islands of Pacific, [216.]
on dike in St. Helena, [406.]
on habits of ostrich, [299.] and Postscript, [xx.]
on fossils in South America, [148.]
on Fucus giganteus, [217.]
on gradual rise of part of S. America, [46.]
on lamination of volcanic rocks, [480.]
on parallel roads, [87.]
on plutonic rocks of Andes, [453.]
on recent strata near Lima, [115.]
on saurians in Galapagos Islands, [279.]
on sinking of coral reefs, [46.]
on Welsh glaciers, [131.]
Daubeny, Dr., on the Solfatara, [477.]
on volcanos in Auvergne, [428.]
Dax, inland cliff at, [72.]
Deane, Dr., on footprints, [298.]
Dean, forest of, coal in, [334.]
Dechen, Prof. von, on reptiles in Saarbrück coal-field, [336.]
De Koninck, cited, [176.] [178.]
De la Beche, Sir H., cited, [231.] [233.] [281.]
on Carrara marble, [482.]
on clay beds, [283.]
on clay-ironstone, [326.]
on coal-measures near Swansea, [309.]
on fossil trees, S. Wales, [318.]
on granite of Dartmoor, [474.]
on mineral veins, [493.] [495.] [498.]
on term supracretaceous, [103.]
on trap of New Red Sandstone period, [432.]
Deluge, [4.]
Denudation explained, [66.]
of the Weald Valley, [242.]
terraces of, in Sicily, [75.]
Derbyshire, lead veins of, [497.]
Deshayes, M., identification of shells, [176.]
on fossil shells in Hungary, [421.]
on Lower Eocene shells, [196.]
on tertiary classification, [110.]
Desmarest, cited, [183.]
on trappean rocks, [91.]
Desnoyers, M., on Faluns of Touraine, [106.]
Desor, M., on glacial fauna in N. America, [133.]
Devonian flora, [349].
strata in United States, [349.]
system, term explained, [346.]
Diagonal, or cross stratification, [16.]
Dicotyledonous leaves in chalk, Postscript, [xvi.]
Dike in St. Helena, [406.]
Dikes at Palagonia in Sicily, [407.]
trappean, crystalline in centre, [380.]
defined, [6.]
in Scotland, [378.]
of Somma, [404.]
Diluvium, popular explanation of term, [132.]
Dip, term explained, [53.]
Dolerite, or greenstone, [372.]
Dolomite defined, [13.]
Dolomitic conglomerate, [305.]
Doue, M. B. de, on volcanos of Velay, [428.]
Drift contorted, near Cromer, [129.]
in Ireland, [131.]
in Norfolk, [126.]
meteorites in, [145.]
northern, in Scotland, [125.]
northern, in North Wales, [130.]
of Scandinavia, North Germany, and Russia, [121.]
period, climate of, [139.]
period, subsidence in, [135.]
shells in Canada, [134.]
Dudley limestone, [354.]
shales of coal near, [474.]
Dufrénoy, M., on granite of Pyrenees, [475.]
Duff, Mr. P., on reptile of Old Red, Postscript, [ix.]
on hill of Gergovia, [430.]
Dunker, Dr., on Wealden of Hanover, [237.]

E.

Echinoderms of coralline crag, [166.]
Echinus, figure of, [23.]
Egerton, Mr., on fossils of Southern India, [225.]
Egerton, Sir P., on fish of marl slate, [304.]
on fossil fish of Connecticut beds, [300.]
on fossils of Isle of Wight, [198.]
on saurians and fish in New Red Sandstone, [289.]
on Ichthyosaurus, [276.]
Eggs, fossil, of snake, [120.]
Ehrenberg, Prof., on bog-iron ore, [26.]
on infusoria, [24.]
Elephant bed, Brighton, [256.]
Elephas primigenius, jaw figured, [159.]
Elvans of Ireland and Cornwall, [498.]
term explained, [457.]
Encrinites, figure of, [264.]
Endogens, [316.]
Eocene, foraminifera, [194.]
formations, [174.]
formations in England, [197.]
granite, [451.]
lower, in France, [176]-[191.]
middle, in France, [191.]
strata, in United States, [206.]
upper, near Louvain, [177.]
term defined, [111.]
upper, of Central France, [178.]
volcanic rocks, [429.]
Equisetaceæ, [313.]
Equisetum of Virginian oolite, [284.]
Equisetum giganteum, [314.]
Erman on meteoric iron in Russia, [145.]
Erratics, Alpine, [140.]
northern origin of, [123.]
Escher, M., on boulders of Jura, [143.]
Etna, deposits of, [401.]
Eurite, [440.]
Euritic porphyry described, [447.]
Exogens, [316.]