[33.] Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation ccii.
[34.] These two words must have been originally used by Malays in the sense which they bear in Sanskrit. “Unto the shoes of my lord’s feet,” or “beneath the dust of your majesty’s feet,” are phrases in which paduka and duli would immediately precede the name or title of the person addressed. Being thus used always in connection with the titles of royal or distinguished persons, the two words have been taken for honorific titles, and are so used by Malays, unaware of the humble origin of what are to them high-sounding words.
[35.] “The Javanese have peopled the air, the woods and rivers with various classes of spirits, their belief in which probably constituted their sole religion before the arrival of the Bramins.” —Crawfurd’s Grammar, Dissertation cxcix.
[36.] “The Javanese consider all the Hindu gods of their former belief not as imaginary beings, but as real demons” (Ibid.), just as the early Christians regarded the classic gods, and attributed oracles to diabolical agency.
[37.] J., S., Mak., D., and Bis. puasa; Bat. puaso.
[38.] “Agama in Sanskrit is ‘authority for religious doctrine:’ in Malay and Javanese it is religion itself, and is at present applied both to the Mohammedan and the Christian religions.” —Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation cxcviii.
[39.] I have found both these words used separately and distinctly by Pawangs in the state of Perak. Raffles and Logan confused them. Journ. Ind. Arch., i. 309; History of Java, ii. 369. De Backer mentions ong only. L’Archipel. Indien, p. 287
[40.] Malay Grammar, Introduction.
[41.] L’Archipel Indien, p. 53.
[42.] Maleische Spraakkunst, door G. H. Werndly p. xix.