Annals of the early Caliphate from the death of Mahomet to the Omeyyad and Abbaside dynasties A.H. XI-LXI (A.D. 632-680) from original sources

by Sir William Muir

Conclusion.

As regards the spiritual, social, and dogmatic aspect of Islam, there has been neither progress nor material change since the third century of the Hegira. Such as we found it to have been then, such is it also at the present day. The nations may advance in civilisation and morality, in philosophy, science, and the arts; but Islam stands still. And thus stationary, so far as the lessons of this history avail, it will remain.

INDEX.

• Aámir, Beni, [26]
• Abbâs, prays for rain, [233]
• Abbassides, [432], [448], [450] et seq.
• Abd al Cays, Beni, [51], [360]
• Abdallah Abbâs (see [Ibn Abbâs])
• Abdallah, son of Abu Bekr, [65]
• „   „ Hosein, [440]
• „   „ Khâlid, [37], [319]
• „   „ Omar, [46], [281], [287], [288], [325], [355], [392], [394], [430], [434]
• Abdallah, son of Zobeir (see [Ibn Zobeir])
• Abd al Malik, [446], [447]
• Abd al Masîh, [80], [82]
• Abd al Rahmân, first Caliph in Spain, [449]
• Abd al Rahmân ibn Awf, [65], [117], [189];
• Elector, [280], [286], [287];
• Umpire, [289];
• nominates Othmân Caliph, [290] et seq., [309];
• death, [324]
• Abd al Rahmân, son of Abu Bekr, [44], [119];
• enamoured of Leila, [272], [430], [434]
• Abd al Rahmân, son of Khâlid, [394]
• Abd Shems, Beni, [294]
• Abd Yaghûth, [54]
• Abrac, [17]
• Abs, Beni, [13], [17]
• Abu Bekr, described, [1], [120];
• election, [3], [5], [7];
• addresses troops, [10], [96], [13], [16], [18];
• derivation of name, [24];
• burns a rebel, [29];
• justifies Khâlid, [35], [45], [90];
• angry with Khâlid, [46], [50];
• pardons Ashâth, [58], [64], [77], [78];
• angry with Khâlid ibn Saîd, [94];
• transfers Khâlid to Syria, [100];
• orders levy, [114];
• last pilgrimage, [115];
• sickness, [116];
• names Omar his successor, [117];
• death, [119];
• character, [120] et seq.;
• family, [122], [223];
• compiles Corân, [231], [275], [286], [456]
• Abu Catâda, [33] et seq.
• Abu Cays, [301]
• Abu Dzarr Ghifâry, [309]
• Abu Hodzeifa, [42]
• Abu Horeira, [426]
• Abu Jandal, [273]
• Abul Abbâs, Al Saffâh, [449]
• Abul Aûr, [151], [394]
• Abu Lulû, assassin of Omar, [278] et seq.
• Abu Mihjan, [168]
• Abu Musâ, Governor of Bussorah, [266];
• deposed, [305];
• Governor of Kûfa, [320];
• deposed, [359] et seq.;
• Umpire, [385];
• decision, [391] et seq., [408]
• Abu Muslim, [449]
• Abu Obeid, [126];
• killed, [130]
• Abu Obeida, [2], [95] et seq., [108];
• commands in Syria, [143];
• attacks Fihl, [151], [198], [200], [207], [216];
• sends grain to Hejâz, [233];
• will not quit Syria in the plague, [234];
• death, [235], [276], [286]
• Abu Rabia, [290]
• Abu Sarh (see [Ibn Abu Sarh])
• Abu Shajra, [28]
• Abu Sofiân, [96], [108], [109], [237];
• death, [277]
• Abu Talha, [281], [288]
• Abu Zobeid, [304]
• Abyssinia, [264]
• Ackîl deserts his brother Aly, [410]
• Ackka, [85], [86]
• Acra, [50]
• Acraba (Yemâma), battle of, [39] et seq.
• Aden, [54], [55], [57]
• Adî ibn Hâtim, [15], [24], [72]
• Adzân, call to prayer, [18], [238]
• Adzrâat, [153]
• Africa, [298]
• Aghlabite dynasty, [450]
• Aghwâth (Câdesîya), [167], [170]
• Ahnaf ibn Cays, [385]
• Ahwâz, [249], [251]
• Ain Shems, [241]
• Ain Tamar, [85], [101]
• Ajâ and Salmâ (mountains), [22]
• Ajnadein, [206]
• Akk, Beni, [53]
• Alâ, [18], [47], [49], [50], [249]
• Alcama, [27]
• Aleppo, [200], [216]
• Alexandria, [216], [239] et seq.;
• capitulates, [243];
• second siege, [247], [298];
• naval victory off, [301]
• Ali Bey, travels of, [209]
• Allîs, battle of, [76], [82], [132]
• Aly, [21] note, [64], [65];
• his slave girls, [89], [123], [207];
• appointed Elector, [280], [282], [287], [289];
• swears allegiance to Othmân, [291], [293], [295], [308], [316], [317];
• expostulates with Othmân, [321], [327], [329] et seq.;
• sends son to protect Othmân, [334];
• elected Caliph, [342] et seq.;
• would supersede Muâvia, [345];
• appoints new governors, [347];
• defied by Muâvia, [349];
• pursues rebels, [355];
• advances on Bussorah, [360];
• negotiates with rebels, [361];
• Battle of Camel, [363];
• enters Bussorah, [366];
• transfers government to Kûfa, [369];
• sends envoy to Muâvia, [376];
• invades Syria, [377];
• battle of Siffîn, [380] et seq.;
• accepts arbitration, [386];
• opposed by Khârejites, [388];
• Syrian campaign ordered, [397];
• defeats Khârejites, [399];
• loses Egypt, [401] et seq.;
• attitude towards Christian captives, [406];
• truce with Muâvia, [410];
• assassination, [411] et seq.;
• burial-place unknown, [414];
• character, [415], [433], [451], [456]
• Aly Akbar, [440]
• Aly Asghar, [440], [441]
• Alyites (see [Shîyas]), [454]
• Aly, son of Hosein, [439]
• Ameer al Momenîn, title of Caliph, [285]
• Amghîsia, [78]
• Amida, [217], [219]
• Amina, Mahomet’s mother, [289]
• Ammân, [153]
• Ammâr, Governor of Kûfa, [268], [269], [284], [290], [325], [359], [363], [368], [380];
• killed, [382]
• Amr ibn Mádekerib, [53], [55], [56], [138], [158], [168], [173]
• Amr, son of Sád, [437], [445]
• Amru, [12], [18], [93], [95], [97] et seq., [108], [153], [205] et seq., [208];
• sends grain to Medîna, [233];
• conquers Egypt, [239] et seq.;
• Mosque of, [244];
• Feast in Egypt, [246];
• conquests in Africa, [247], [264], [276], [288];
• displaced in Egypt, [299], [326];
• joins Muâvia, [373];
• commands Muâvia’s army, [378], [382];
• appointed Umpire, [385];
• decision, [391] et seq.;
• escapes assassination, [412];
• his death, [422]
• Amwâs, [206]
• Anbâr, [85], [89], [138]
• Ansâr, citizens of Medîna, [3], [5], [32], [126]
• Antioch, [200], [216]
• Apology of Al Kindy, [23], [75], [220], [416], [452]
• Apostasy, of Arabia, [11];
• left a stigma, [28], [63];
• subdued, [60];
• ban removed, [126]
• Araba, [97]
• Arabia, exodus from, [60];
• to be wholly Moslem, [224], [230]
• Arab slaves set free, [63]
• Arabs, militant race, [62];
• pensioned, [226];
• nobility of the Moslem world, [260];
• antagonism between, and Coreish, [294], [454], [455]
• Arbitration at Siffîn, [386]
• Ardshir (city), [406]
• Ardshîr (king), [76]
• Arfaja, [18], [51], [134], [191]
• Arîsh, [241]
• Armâth (Câdesîya), [167]
• Armenia, [217]
• Arrestân, [199]
• Artabûn, [206], [207], [241]
• Asad, Beni, [22], [25], [26], [27], [169]
• Ascalon, [206]
• Ashár, Beni, [53]
• Asháth ibn Cays, [56] et seq., [64], [219], [385]
• Ashtar, [317], [319], [337], [360];
• precipitates Battle of Camel, [362];
• at Siffîn, [384] et seq.
• Asia Minor, [217], [297], [298]
• Asim, his feat at Câdesîya, [168]
• Asim fords the Tigris with cavalry, [183]
• Asma, wife of Abu Bekr, [118] et seq., [446]
• Aswad, the false prophet, [52]
• Atîck (see [Bâdacla])
• Attâb, [52], [65]
• Aus, Beni, [5], [61]
• Ayesha, [2], [5], [120], [276], [281], [338];
• her sedition at Mecca, [351];
• character, [352];
• her camel, [353];
• alarmed on march to Bussorah, [354];
• occupies Bussorah, [356];
• at Battle of Camel, [361] et seq.;
• camel hamstrung, [364];
• retires to Medîna, [367], [403]
• Ayla, [93], [233];
• Bishop of, visited by Omar, [236]
• Azarmîdokht, [113]
• Azd, Beni, [51], [53]
• Azerbâijân, [258], [259]

• Báalbek, [205]
• Babylon, [70];
• battle of, [113];
• Sád encamps at, [178]
• Backî, burying-ground of Medîna, [282], [341]
• Bactrian camels, [52]
• Bâdacla, [70], [135], [175]
• Baghdad, [450]
• Bahân, [93], [104]
• Bahmân, [75], [129], [131], [166]
• Bahra, Beni, [103]
• Bahram Gour, [79]
• Bahrein, [18], [21], [47], [49]
• Bajîla, Beni, [133], [169]
• Balkh, [259]
• Barca, [247], [299]
• Basilica of Virgin, [209]
• Battle of Acraba (Yemâma), ‘Garden of Death,’ [39–43]
• — — Alexandria, [241], [247], [301]
• — — Allîs, [76], [82], [132]
• — — Babylon, [113]
• — — Boweib, Field of Tens, [135]
• — — Bozâkha, [25], [27]
• — — the Bridge, [130], [170]
• — — Câdesîya, [167]
• — — the Camel, (Bussorah), [363]
• — — Chains, [72]
• — — Dabâ, [51]
• — — Fihl (Pella), [152]
• — — Firâdh, [90]
• — — the ‘Garden of Death,’ [43]
• — — Siffîn, [380]
• Bedouin faction, [227];
• opposed to Coreish, [294], [370]
• Bedouins, [61], [69];
• Syrian, [105], [211]
• Beisân, [150]
• Beit-Jibrîn, [206]
• Bekr ibn Wâil, Beni, [38], [49], [76], [360]
• Belâdzori, [vi]
• Belbeis, [245]
• Belcâa, [97]
• Berâa, [43]
• Beth Gabara, [206]
• Bethlehem, [210]
• Bilâl, [220], [238], [276]
• Birs Nimrûd, [70], [112], [164], [178]
• Bishoprics, [49];
• Bishop of Ayla, entertains Omar, [236]
• Bishr, [90]
• Bitâh, [33]
• Bodeir, [89]
• Booty, [176], [184], [188], [258]
• Bosor, his raid on Arabia, [408]
• Bostra, [69], [87], [97], [153]
• Bowaj Rûd, [258]
• Boweib, battle of, [135]
• Bozâkha, [17], [24];
• battle of, [25], [27]
• Bridge, battle of, [130], [170]
• Bubastis, [241]
• Burân, Queen Mother of Persia, [180]
• Bussir, [4], [49]
• Bussorah, founded, [192], [195] et seq., [249], [250], [264], [270];
• change of governors, [305], [329], [348], [352], [364];
• insurrection at, [404]
• Byzantine empire, [66], [203]

• Cacâa, [85], [89], [108], [170], [172], [173] et seq., [188], [216], [320], [360], [361]
• Câdesîya, [160] et seq.;
• battle of, [167]
• Cæsarea, [206–15], [218]
• Câhira, Al, Cairo, [243]
• Calansua, Syrian hat, [220]
• Caliph, [5], [285]
• Caliphate, unity of, [375];
• double, [410];
• extinct, [450], [458]
• Camel, Battle of, [363] et seq.
• Canal, from Nile to Suez, [244]
• Canals, administration of, in Chaldæa, [230]
• Captives, female, [37], [75]
• Cariatein, [103]
• Cârin, [74]
• Carmel, [205]
• Carthage, [299]
• Câsim, [438]
• Caspian, [258], [296]
• Castle of Sád, [194]
• Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, at Damascus, [145], [149]
• Catholicos, of Egypt, [241]
• Catîf, [47]
• Caussin de Perceval, [vii]
• Cavalry, reserves of, [231]
• Caycar, [98]
• Cays ibn Abd Yaghûth, [54], [55]
• Cays ibn Asim, [48]
• Cays, son of Sád ibn Obâda, [347];
• Governor of Egypt, [371];
• recalled, [372], [402];
• submits to Muâvia, [419]
• Chains, Battle of, [72]
• Chaldæa, [66]
• China, [259]
• Chosroes, [67]
• Christians, [38], [49], [61], [66], [69], [76];
• at Hîra, [81], [86], [105], [131], [134], [136], [137], [177], [190], [201], [210] et seq.;
• disabilities, [213], [217] et seq.;
• expelled from Najrân, [223], [248];
• captives, [406], [452]
• Churches, [145], [210];
• prohibition against new, [213]
• Church of the Resurrection, at Jerusalem, [210];
• of Constantine, [210];
• of Nativity, [210]
• Cilicia, [215]
• Clients, [63], [228], [260]
• Codeis, [160], [166]
• Codhâa, Beni, [10], [18], [40], [93], [103]
• Commander of the Faithful, [285]
• Companions, [1], [18], [95], [101], [160], [227], [374]
• Conspirators, advance of, on Medîna, [329]
• Constans II., [302]
• Constantine, [302]
• Convent of Khâlid, [211]
• Corâcar, [102]
• Corân, raised aloft in battle, [42], [384] et seq.;
• Readers of, [45];
• how compiled, [231];
• created or eternal, [452]
• Cordova, [449]
• Coreish, [227];
• migrate to Irâc, [308];
• vaunt themselves against Arabs, [316];
• Garden of, [317], [454]
• Corra ibn Hobeira, [27]
• Coss Nâtick, [83], [129]
• Ctesiphon, [67], [70], [179]
• Cutham, son of Abbâs, [350]
• Cyprus, [301]

• Dabâ, battle of, [51]
• Dadweih, [54]
• Dahna, desert of, [48]
• Dâira Hind, [265]
• Damascus, [97], [103];
• siege, [145];
• capitulation, [148], [154], [200], [205], [348]
• Daniel the prophet’s tomb, [252]
• Darâbgird, miracle of, [260]
• Darârkis, [98]
• Dâr al Salâm, Baghdad, [450]
• Dârîm, Beni, [30]
• Dârin, island, [49]
• Dates, royal, [128]
• Dâthin, [97]
• ‘Day of Tears,’ [353]
• ‘Days of Ignorance,’ the, [64]
• Dead Sea, [204]
• Delta of Euphrates, [191]
• Dewân of Omar, or Civil List, [225] et seq.
• Dhabba accuses Abu Mûsa, [266]
• Dhahhâk ibn Cays, [394] note
• Dhirâr, [24], [34], [109], [111];
• punished for drunkenness, [273]
• Dihcâns, [71], [83], [91], [230]
• Divorce, [457]
• Doluk, [201]
• Drought, [232]
• Dûma, [10];
• stormed, [87], [88], [101]
• Dura, Plain of, [70], [113], [179]
• Dzât Irc, [353] note
• Dzobiân, Beni, [13], [17]
• Dzu Câr, [78], [360]
• Dzul Cassa, [13], [17], [18], [40]
• Dzul Hâjib, [166]
• Dzul Kelâa, [54], [93], [94], [383]
• Dzu Nowâs, the Jewish persecutor, [223]

• Ebnâa, of Persian or Indian descent, [49], [54]
• Edessa, [217]
• Edrisite dynasty, [450]
• Egypt, sends grain to Arabia, [234];
• conquest of, [239] et seq.;
• sedition in, [317], [329], [348];
• conquered by Amru, [401] et seq., [450]
• Electors appointed by Omar, [280] et seq., [286]
• Elephants, [73], [113], [130], [166], [169], [172];
• portentous sight of, [173]
• Elwand, [257]
• Esdräelon, [150]
• Euphrates, [70], [130];
• canals, [230]

• Fadak, [64], [224]
• Famine, [232]
• Farazdac, [113], [436]
• Faroma, [241]
• Fars, [259]
• Fâtima, [6], [64], [224], [276], [282], [449]
• Fâtima, daughter of Aly, [439]
• Fellahîn, [71], [74], [194]
• Felûgia, Felâlij, [85]
• Female slavery, [273], [457]
• Feroze, [54], [58]
• Fezâra, Beni, [25]
• Fifth of booty, [16]
• Fihl (Pella), [150];
• battle of, [152]
• Firâdh, battle of, [90]
• Firuzân, [174], [257]
• Fostât, [243], [247], [329]
• Free-thinkers, [452]
• Free-will, [452]
• Fujâa, a rebel, burned to death, [29]

• Gabala (Jabala), [203]
• Gabriel, [25]
• Gadara, [152]
• Garden of Death, [43]
• ‘Garden of the Coreish,’ [317], [320]
• Gaza, [206]
• Ghâficky, Al, the regicide, [335] note, [340]
• Ghâlib, his song at Câdesîya, [168]
• Ghassân, Beni, [69], [87], [202]
• Ghatafân, Beni, [23], [25], [27]
• Ghauth, Beni, [24]
• Ghâzies, [382]
• Ghimâs (Câdesîya), [168], [171]
• Ghîzeh, [243]
• Ghôr, [97], [150], [152], [205]
• Ghûta, [144]
• Gilead, [141]
• Greeks, in Egypt, [242]
• Gregory, [299]