:Turkey Communications
Railroads:
8,401 km 1.435-meter gauge; 479 km electrified
Highways:
49,615 km total; 26,915 km paved; 16,500 km gravel or crushed stone; 4,000
km improved earth; 2,200 km unimproved earth (1985)
Inland waterways:
about 1,200 km
Pipelines:
crude oil 1,738 km, petroleum products 2,321 km, natural gas 708 km
Ports:
Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir
Merchant marine:
353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,056,455 GRT/7,143,096 DWT; includes
7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 191 cargo, 1 container, 5
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 37
petroleum tanker, 9 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 10 combination
ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 80 bulk, 4 combination bulk
Civil air:
52 major transport aircraft (1991)
Airports:
109 total, 104 usable; 65 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay network; limited
open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 15 AM; 94 FM;
357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic
Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable
:Turkey Defense Forces
Branches:
Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast
Guard, Gendarmerie
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 15,274,591; 9,330,851 fit for military service; 597,814 reach
military age (20) annually
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $5.2 billion, 3-4% of GDP (1992 budget)
:Turkmenistan Geography
Total area:
488,100 km2
Land area:
488,100 km2
Comparative area:
slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:
3,736 km total; Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km,
Uzbekistan 1,621 km
Coastline:
0 km
note:
Turkmenistan does border the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
Maritime claims:
none - landlocked
Disputes:
none
Climate:
subtropical desert
Terrain:
flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; borders Caspian Sea in west
Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, salt, magnesium
Land use:
NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated
Environment:
NA
Note:
landlocked
:Turkmenistan People
Population:
3,838,108 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992)
Birth rate:
36 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
-3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
59 years male, 66 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
4.5 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Turkmen(s); adjective - Turkmen
Ethnic divisions:
Turkmen 72%, Russian 9%, Uzbek 9%, other 10%
Religions:
Islam 85%, Eastern Orthodox 10%, unknown 5%
Languages:
Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Literacy:
NA% (male NA%, female NA) age 15 and over can read and write
Labor force:
1,542,000; agriculture and forestry 42%, industry and construction 21%,
other 37% (1990)
Organized labor:
NA
:Turkmenistan Government
Long-form name:
none
Type:
republic
Capital:
Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)
Administrative divisions:
4 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Balkan (Nebit-Dag), Chardzhou,
Mary, Tashauz; note - the rayons around Ashgabat are under direct republic
jurisdiction; all oblasts have the same name as their administrative center
except Balkan Oblast, centered at Nebit-Dag
Independence:
27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union; formerly Turkmen Soviet Socialist
Republic)
Constitution:
adopted 18 May 1992
Legal system:
NA
National holiday:
Independence Day, 27 October (1991)
Executive branch:
president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers
Legislative branch:
Majlis
Judicial branch:
NA
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since 21 June 1992)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister (vacant), Deputy Prime Ministers V. G. OCHERTSOV and Atta
CHARYYEV (since NA 1991)
Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Party (formerly Communist), Saparmurad NIYAZOV, chairman
opposition:
Democratic Party, Durdymorad KHODZHA Mukhammed, chairman
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
Elections:
President:
last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1997); results - Saparmurad
NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed)
Majlis:
last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of
vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) elections not officially by party, but
Communist Party members won nearly 90% of seats
Communists:
renamed Democratic Party, 16 December 1990
Other political or pressure groups:
Agzybirlik (Unity) Movement
Member of:
CIS, CSCE, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD
Diplomatic representation:
NA
US:
Ambassador-designate Joseph HULINGS; Embassy at Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat
(Ashkhabad) (mailing address is APO; AE 09862); telephone [8] (011)
7-3630-24-49-08