NACA.
3.a This particle is divided into potential and causal. The potential naca, signifies to do in fact, what the root to which precedes points out, containing in itself the faculty of doing.
This is the reason why the English verbs to can, to be able, are not translated into Bisaya. In the active voice the present and past tenses are formed with the particle naca, and the future and imperative with maca. When speaking in passive voice, the present and past are formed with na, and the future and imperative by means of ma. Instead of naca and maca, are used nacag and macag respectively, when the signification of the root is often done.
These rules will be more easily understood by the following examples:
| The wounded horse can already walk a little. | Ang cabayong guisamad-an nacalacao-lacao na. |
| The sick man is already able to get up. | Ang masaquiton nacatindug na. |
| I can not eat. | Dili acó macagcaon. |
| I have murmured against you very often. | Nacaglibác acó canimo sa masubsub. |
| They will be not able to overtake him, for he is, I think, far distant. | Dili na sia cahá maapas, cay tua na sa halayo. |
| I can not sleep. | Dili acó macatolog. |
| When my Father died, my Mother was not able to weep. | Sa pagcamatay ni Tatay, ang acong Inahán ualá macahilac. |
2.a Besides the particle naca, the Bisaya dialect has some other words compensatory of the English verbs, to can, to be able, such as arang, gahúm and himo employed sometimes alone, and some times in composition with naca.
Arang, signifies to possess power of doing any thing, but subordinated to another. Examples:
Gahúm, signifies vigour, strength, courage, and it is employed in both material and moral acceptations, as:
| I am an old man. | Tigulang na acó, or uala na acoy gahúm. |
| Did you dare to rob your master? | ¿Ngano nacagahúm ca sa pagpangauat sa imong agalon? |