VERSIFICATION.
The rules of French versification have not always been the same. The classical movement of the seventeenth century in its reforms proscribed certain things, like hiatus, overflow lines, mute e before the caesura, which had been current hitherto, and the Romanticists of this century have endeavored to give greater diversity and flexibility to verse-structure both by restoring some of these liberties and by introducing new ones. Especially have great innovations been advocated in the last few years by the youngest school of poets, but they have as yet found no general acceptance.
The unit of French versification is not a fixed number of long and short, or accented and unaccented, syllables in a certain definite arrangement, that is, a foot, but a line. A line is a certain number of syllables ending in a rhyme which binds it to one or more other lines. The lines found in lyric verse vary in length from one to thirteen syllables; but lines with an even number of syllables are much more used than those with an odd number.
In determining the number of syllables the general rules of syllabic division are followed, and each vowel or diphthong involves a syllable. But the following points are to be noted:
1. Mute e final or followed by s or nt is not counted at the end of the line.
2. Final mute e in the body of the line is not counted as a syllable before a word beginning with a vowel or mute h (elision).
3. Mute e in the termination of the third person plural, imperfect and conditional, of verbs is not counted; nor is it counted in the future and conditional of verbs of the first conjugation whose stem ends in a vowel (oublieront, also written in verse oublîront; see p. 130, l. 14).
4. When two or more vowel sounds other than mute e come together within a word they are sometimes treated as a diphthong and make but one syllable, sometimes separated and counted as two. Usage is not altogether consistent in this particular; the same combination is in some words pronounced as two syllables (ni-ais, li-en, pri-ère, pri-ons, jou-et), in others as one (biais, rien, bar-rière, ai-mions, fou-et); and even the same word is sometimes variable (ancien, hier, duel). In general such combinations are monosyllabic if they have developed from a single vowel in the Latin parent word.
5. Certain words allow a different spelling according to the demands of the verse (encore or encor, Charles or Charle).
Since the sixteenth century, hiatus has been forbidden by the rules of French versification. But, as we have just seen (under 4 above), two vowels are allowed to come together in the interior of a word. What the rule against hiatus does proscribe then is the use of a word ending in a vowel (except mute e, which is elided; cf. 2 above) before a word beginning with a vowel or mute h, and the use of words in which mute e not final follows a vowel in the interior of the word; e.g. tu as, et ont, livrée jolie; louent, allées. But hiatus is not regarded as existing when two vowels are brought together by the elision of a mute e; e.g. in Hugo's lines, the vie a in