There is another past in tsu[4], tsuru as kogitsu, kogitsuru, and a continuative form in tsutsu, kogitsutsu, while rowing. Also a form in -keri, P. and -keru, R. with a dependent -kereba as kogikeru, kogikereba. This keri form seems equivalent to a perfect definite, have rowed. Its etymology must be ki -ari; of tsu the stem would be te, which added to stem in i or e makes forms such as kogite, tomete, which are continuative indefinites almost equal to ‘whilst’, kogite, yuku, whilst-row-go, i.e. row to (a place).
The negative form of -te is -de, kogade, or -zu, -zu ni, -zu shite, as kogazu, not-row, kogazu ni, in, or by not-row, kogazu shite, not-row-do, all meaning essentially whilst-not-row.
The particles mo, too, to mo, that too (with variant domo) keredomo (ki-ari-to-mo), following or suffixed to verb-forms, give a concessive force, although, even though, &c., beku, with sense of must, can, will, ought, is suffixed to the u stem, thus kogubeku is must, or ought to row, or will row—the forms of beku are beshi, P.; beki, R.; bemi, bekariki, P.; -shi, R.; bekereba, bekuba, bekarazu, &c.; beku mazhiku almost = bekarazu.
Causative verbs (often used as transitives or as honour-forms) are easily recognized. Thus nageku, sigh, lament, nagekasu; or forms derived from su (suru), do, are added—shimuru, seshimuru, sasuru. Thus yaku, burn, yakasu, yakashimuru; suru (se), do, sesasuru, make-do.
Nu (ni) is an old verb ‘be’. Ni + aru = naru, become, be at, of, in. The future namu is a common auxiliary suffix. Namu may become namashi, by composition with mashi, more, a suffixed optative particle. Another optative is formed by adding the slight interrogative particle ya to the form in -aba as yukabaya, should like to go; sometimes the future form is in -ramu (aramu?) added to the u-stem, as aruramu for aramu, kofuramu for kohamu (kohimu), will love. Aru, be, is peculiar in that its P.-form is ari not aru.
The verb miru, see, keeps the mi throughout, miru, miki, mishi, mimu, miba, mitsu (past), mizu, minu, mizhi, mide, &c.; but mireba, miredomo, miru or miheku, &c. So hi(ru), dry, i(ru), shoot, (w)i(ru), be in or at, ki(ru), wear ni(ru), be like, ni(ru), boil. See Chamberlain, p. 66. By adding u, uru (get) with or without aru (be) verbs passive and potential are obtained. Thus yaku (burn) + ari + uru = yakaruru, so we have homeraruru (homu, praise), sugiraruru (sugu, pass), miraruru (miru, see). Or we have miyuru, see-get = seem, so omoyuru, omoheru (from omofu, think), or omoharuru (see Glossary, omofu, &c.), iheru (ihi-uru), is said, &c. From aru (be) lengthened to arafu, we get araharu, araharuru, arahaseru, be manifest or make manifest.
Other passive-like forms are iyu (i), shot, oyu (oi), grown old, omohoyu (omofu), thought. There is a form in -aku, thus ifu, say, ihaku—even the future has it, kakemu, will utter, kakemaku, and the past omoheraku, the morphological origin of which is unknown. It seems to give a substantival character to the verb; ihaku, the saying (is); omoheraku, what was thought (is): also a frequentative (rare) in mi, wemi-mi, wemazu mo, smiling and not smiling.
Under koso will be found the verbal forms used with that particle.
Of the verb su suru, do, the principal forms are:—
Independent Mood.