he (lit. quarter, direction, locality, tract in space or time) = towards (ni = to). Rare in the texts in this volume, yori (lit. approach, or be close to, or stop at), shortened often to yo, yu, means by extension ‘from’—in later language also ‘than’.
ya, yo, is a vocative or exclamative interjection.
to, that, is a connective particle = and, also after a phrase marks it as quotative; toko miya to sadame, establish as an everlasting shrine (or palace), sugimu to omoheba, thinking (intending) that it should outlast. Hikohoshi ha Tanabata tsu me to, Hikohoshi and the Weaving Woman; se to ha norame (see under ha); kamusabu to, in a divinely awful manner; hito wo yahase to … kuni wo osame to … makitamaheba, as he was charged to subdue the people and pacify the land (people subdue that … land pacify that—as he was charged with). The different uses of to can always be made out by taking it as that.
Other particles are:—
ya, slight dubitative and interrogative, also exclamative. With negative it gives an affirmative sense.
ka, stronger than ya.
ya ka with ha (yaha kaha) imply a certainty.
ka mo, final interjectional expression = is it not even so? i.e. emphatically or admiringly, it is so!
kana (gana, mo gana), final interjection of emotion suited to what precedes.
mo, also, too, even; mo … mo, both … and.