[Phonology of x and xi:] References to piece xi are marked b. Oral a is a, crabbe b 84, slakien b 67; a before nasals, o, biwon 73, from 87, but swam b 90; a before lengthening groups, o, ahonge 14, ontful 53, but and 8, 85, b 25. æ is regularly e, cweð 45 (3 times), þet 25 &c., but abac b 86, blake b 82, b 120, blaca b 99, saterdei 71, þat 25, 68, watere b 86: with habbe b 14, b 77 comp. LWS. subj. habbe. e is regularly e, betre b 24, eten b 101, b 104 (but eoten 80), engles 5 (4), sunbendes b 67; but it is i in tilden b 110, eo in seolcuðre 17: stude 40, 41, b 26, whulche b 80, wulc b 20, swulc b 85 are due to OE. forms with y, hwilc b 21, swilc 21, uwilc 83, 85 to forms with i. i is i, bidde 60, wille 60, b 62, bindeð b 110, but en 59, wule 6, nule b 28 and all other parts of willan. o is o, froggen b 83, longe 47, but iwrat 79, walde 46, 47, b 93, nalde 46, 51, nalden 32, 58, all Anglian forms with a; in weord 65 (5) eo is written for o. u is u, bicumeð 73, sunedei 4, hundes b 38. y is u, cunnes b 80, cunde b 85; mycel is muchele 67 &c.
ā is regularly a, an 16, claþeð b 114, gast 87, lauerd 39 (5), na b 100 (Anglian), þas 30, swa 29, but on 43, louerd 60, þon 5, þeo b 19, þeos b 14 (4) þos b 95, b 99, se b 11, b 69; noteworthy is foage b 119: escade 44, 49 descends from ǣscian. ǣ1 is e, efreni 27, ledde 50, but a in þare b 98, ea in eani 18, 48, sea 24 (4); ulcne b 66 descends from ylc. ǣ2 is e, breðe 42 (Anglian brēþ), neddren 26, but ariste 87. ē is e, gleden 35, ferde 10, but deað b 58. ī is i, is 25, swiþeliche 90, fifte 26. ō is o, bicom b 9, nom b 10, bisocnie 80, but eoðre 45. ū is u, hus b 73, lude 33. ȳ is u, fur 25 (3), mus b 113, tuneð b 27 (4), uþe 24, but forþi 6.
ea before r + cons. is e, herde b 51, midelerd b 81, both before lengthening group; a between w and r appears in swart b 105, warp 16, warðe 41. ea before l + cons. is invariably a, ald 43, alle 5. The i-umlaut is e, aweriede b 29, erming 6 (3), but earming 22, bicherreð b 112. eo before r + cons. is eo, eorðe 59 (4), ȝeorne 49, heorte 16 (3), weorkes 67, but ibureȝe 36, apparently from OE. gebeorgan (comp. ‘bureȝe,’ OEH i. 25/16, ‘bureȝest,’ id. 39/20). The wur group is represented by wurþien 75, 90. The i-umlaut is wanting in beorninde 12, after w it is u, wurse 26, wursien b 14, unwurðe b 29: berninde 16 (3) is from bærnan, smurieð b 114 from smyrian. eo before l + cons. is seen in seolf 76, 83. ea, u-umlaut of a, appears in eateliche 17, heauekes b 38. eo, u-umlaut of e, is eo, heofene 5, 99, ȝeolewe b 107, b 108, weorlde b 91, b 100, or o, ȝolewe b 120, world b 36, but hefene 82, heueneriche 55, ȝeluwe b 83, without umlaut. eo, å-umlaut of e, is seen in beode 80, beoden b 29, beoreð b 82, eoten 80, feole 19: unaneomned 28 is perhaps an analogic form. eo, å-umlaut of i, is eo in seodðan 16, b 115, seoðþan 40, seodðe b 25, heore 6 (3); hare 31 is Anglian heara: analogous are dalneominde 99 (comp. ‘neoman,’ OEH i. 29/18), icleped 88 (4). eo, u-umlaut of i, is seen in seofen 41, seofe 17, seofeþe 26. The palatal diphthong ea appears in sceal 62, scal b 89, ȝete 13: ie after ġ in ȝeue 71, ȝefe 60, 69, geuen b 49, b 102, ȝeueð 93; gef is ȝef 1, gif 6. eo after ġ is u in ȝunge b 87; after sc it is seen in sceolde b 13, scolde b 111, sculen b 21: heom is heom 9 &c., ham 70.
ēa is e, deðe 87, eren b 27, aȝen b 90 (ongēan), and six others, but ædie b 19 (‘eadi,’ OEH i. 39/5), dead, deade b 59: the i-umlaut gives e, alesnesse b 76, chese b 111, iheren b 28 (12), remeð 33. ēo is regularly eo, beot 98, feorðe 25, iseo 58, þreo b 51, but bitwenen 83, fredome 3, þre b 69; the i-umlaut does not occur. After sc, ēa appears in scean 29.
a + g is aȝ, daȝes 98, maȝen 40 (5); slage b 57, slaȝeð b 98 are new formations from the pp. slagen (Bülbring, Ablaut, 96); ah 51 (5) is Anglian ah. æ + g is invariably ei, mei b 103, seide b 87. e + g is also ei, eisliche 12, toȝeines 60 (3), wei b 24, but awey b 94. o + g is seen in forhoȝie b 25. ā + g is aȝ, aȝene 23 (4), faȝe b 82 (3), foaȝe b 119, expressing the [āo] sound. ǣ1 + ht gives ehte b 100, b 105. ē + g appear in leies 17, leit 30 (lēget), tweien 8; ō + g in wohe 47; ū + h in þruh b 60. ea + g is seen in gneȝeð 34 = *gneagað, with å-umlaut of a, idreȝen b 70, pp. analogous to dreagan inf. with the same umlaut; ea + h, ht, in iseh 48; the i-umlaut in mihte 42, mihte 92, niht 30. The i-umlaut of eo + h occurs in siste 26 (siexta). ēa + g is eȝ, eȝen 15, heȝe 12; ēa + h, eh, abeh 64, heh 45: þah 23, b 97 is Anglian þæh. ēo + g, ht are seen in liȝere 53, lihtliche b 43, the i-umlaut in lihting 72. ā + w is aw in iknawe b 24, nawiht b 22, au in saule 7 (7), snau 25. ǣ1 + w gives eu in eubruche b 34. ō + w, noht b 11 (nōht). ēa + w is seen in sceawede 12 (8), sceaude 16, scawede 11, scawere b 116; ēo + w in eow 2 &c., feower b 45, heowe 17 (WS. hīw), reowliche 33, how b 118, fower b 80, bireusunke b 53.
In syllables without stress a is usually levelled to e, but it survives in dringan 47, ilca 31, locan 86, 91, pinan 36, 37: o becomes e in heuene 55, seofeþe 26, suteliche 3, but a in escade 44, 49; onuppan is anuppon 46. In alla b 76, alra b 46, blaca b 99, wiðinna 43, a is written for final e, similarly clusterlokan 41, manaðas b 34; comp. quica 41/192. The prefix ge- is largely retained as i, iblissieð 5; it is u in uwilc 83 &c. e is added in amonge 30, medially in hefede 68, swiþeliche 90, lost in onswerde 57, sceaude 16.
w is added in hwure 61. ll is simplified in suteliche 3; m doubled in summe 14 &c.; mm simplified in swim b 88, swam b 90, as nn in clenesse 51, 91, ene b 45, ine b 34: n is doubled in sunne 100. p is doubled in deoppre b 41. Initial f is written u in ualleð b 46, b 47, uindeð b 7, uenne b 8, b 33, but f in falleð b 106: f between vowels or vowel and liquid is usually u, but ȝefe 69, leofe 72, monifolde 57, ufele 42, b 94, wifes b 37, nefre 45, 51, 52, efre 97, efreni 27: f is assimilated in wimmen b 113, but wifmen 93. tt is simplified in put b 31; ts is c in milce 63, milcien 62. dd is simplified in midelerd b 81; d is lost in onswerde 57, 70: d is t in ontful 53, iseit 82, b 14, td in feðer fotetd 28, ð in forðwarð b 87, iclepeð 3, iherð 73, isceaweð b 49. þ is written ðd in strengðdeð b 85, dþ in redþer 68, d in dringan 47, rested 95, wurdliche 91, t in speket b 92: þþ is dð in seodðan 16, b 115, seodðe b 25, but seoðþan 40. sć [š] is sc in gledscipe 81, iscild b 121, scal b 89, scolde b 111, and other forms of sceolan, scrift 32 (5), s, ss, ssc in fis b 84, fisses b 88, fissce b 84: the scribe writes elsewhere ‘ichefte,’ OEH i. 77/5 (gesceafta), ‘iblesced,’ id. 5/7, ‘edmodnesce,’ id. 5/19. č is expressed by ch, chese b 111, chirche 79 &c., eche b 98, tech b 89, uwilche 74, whulche b 80; but c is used finally for the same sound in ic 57, hwilc b 21, swilc 21, swulc b 85, uwilc 85, wulc b 20. čč is seen in totwiccheð b 94, wrecche 7, 11. The stop c is k before e, i, stoke b 113, swike b 111 and in clusterlokan 41, otherwise c, locan 86, but apparently ch in musestoch b 109, b 110. čǧ is gg in liggeð b 34, seggen 3. cw appears in cweð 45 (3), but qu occurs elsewhere in the MS., as ‘quic,’ OEH i. 81/1. ġ is ȝ, daȝes b 45, ȝef 1, ȝeue 71, ȝete 13, slaȝed b 98, but Gif 6, slage b 57, geuen b 49: ng is nk in bireusunke b 53, ‘of sprinke,’ OEH i. 75/31 (comp. Horn, Beiträge, 29); but ng for nc occur in ‘þong’ (= þonc), OEH i. 39/33, ‘dringen’ (= drinken), id. 37/33. Initial h is lost in lauerdes 4 &c., lusten 1, lude 33, redliche 64, redþer 68, remeð, reowliche 33, bireusunke b 53, witsunne 88; it is added in heow b 21, how b 118, hiheren b 16; h is also lost in iwrat 79; for it ð is written in þurð b 53. hw is seen in whulche b 80, wulc b 20: siste 26 is siexta, Angl. se(i)sta.
[Accidence:] Strong declension of masc. and neut. nouns. In the s. n. sune b 120 represents sunu. Gen. -es, muðes b 53, cunnes b 80, but monedeis 72; d. -e, deie 3 (3 times), scrifte b 69, fredome 3, ȝete 13, but domesdei 72, sunnedei 61, gast 87, 100, scrift b 67, atter b 106, non 71, smel b 112, without inflection. Plural n. a. of masculines, -es, daȝes 98, sunbendes b 67, but euencristene b 96 with adj. termination; neuters n. are deor 28, 33, weord b 14, beode 80 (gebedu), but þinges b 80, with masc. termination; beoden b 29, clusterlokan 41, deoflen 21, 43, 48, weak forms; a. hors b 37, weord 65, but huses b 36, weordes b 16 (4), wifes b 37, treon 12; d. -es, rapes b 12, weorkes 67, -weorkes 94, weordes b 94, but manaðas b 34, treon 13 (? trēum). Of the feminines mihte 92, 94, 95 has added e in the nom., bisocnie 80 represents -socn. The other cases end in -e, s. g. dede b 54, but weorldes b 100, a masc. form; s. d. ireste 77, weorlde b 91, but irest 5, sea 24, 27, b 84 (sǣ); s. a. reste 7 (5), but rest 6, sea 24; pl. n. ehte b 105, saule 19, but gleden 35, saulen 6; pl. d. pine 27, 97, saule 7, 73, but honden 14, pinan 36, 37, sunnen b 32 (3); pl. a. laȝe 59, b 28, pine 57, saule b 98, but laȝen 46, pinen 39, saulen 14, 22, sunnen b 62 (3) are weak forms. Nouns of the weak declension have -e in all cases of the singular, n. crabbe b 84; g. heorte b 53; d. chirche b 28; a. nome b 96: the plural has -en, n. crabben b 84, neddren 26, b 82, but neddre b 91; d. eȝen 15, haleȝen 68; a. eren b 27, but licome 31. Minor declensions: fet pl. d. 14, 28, 64 (possibly sing.); mon s. n. 42 (3), s. a. 43, b 66, men pl. n. b 33, monne pl. d. 32, 74, 83, men 31, wepmen 93, wifmen 93, wimmen b 113; boc s. d. b 7; mus pl. a. b 113; þruh s. d. b 60; niht s. a. 30; feder s. n. b 120, fedre s. d. 99; moder s. n. b 88; breðre pl. n. 72; children pl. a. b 37.
The weak declension of adjectives has -e throughout the singular, n. m. alde 44, b 87, halie b 121, f. leofe b 88, foaȝe b 119, blake b 120, neut. faȝe b 91; d. m. ȝunge b 87, halie 87, 100, ufele 42, f. eche b 98, stronge b 106, neut. halie b 17; a. f. muchele b 36. The only exception is heh s. n. m. 69. The strong forms are flectionless in the singular, except s. d. f. halie b 7, b 27, b 75, heuie b 66, mildere 70, seolcuðre 17 (with heowe neut.), warde 41 (= wardre); s. a. m. sunfulle b 66, s. a. f. muchele b 15, b 49. The termination of all cases of the plural, strong and weak, is e; exceptions are blaca b 99, freo b 50, sari b 56. āgen is represented by aȝene s. a. f. 34, pl. 23, 35, b 98: ān, nān appear as an n. 45, 50, b 84, on 43, nan 42, b 69, naþing 79; ane d. m. b 8, a. m. 40, ene b 45, an 16, ane a. f. 20, b 9, an a. neut. 49, nan 51, na b 101. Adjectives used as nouns are deade s. d. b 59, fulle s. a. b 104, god 48, 52, b 101, sunfulle pl. d. b 76, pl. a. 11: nouns as adjectives, erming 6, 22, 31, 96, liȝere 53, wrecche 7, 11, 13: hindene b 116 has pl. adj. termination. Noteworthy among numerals are þridde 25, 95, fifte 26, siste 26, seofeþe 26 (seofoþa).
The personal pronouns are ic, we, us, þu, ȝe, eow, heow b 21, how b 118. The pronoun of the third person is s. n. he m. 13, heo f. 50, 86, 91 (dei like L. dies is fm.), b 88, b 104, hit neut. 10, d. him m. 12, 13, hire f. 91, a. hine m. b 10 (4), heo f. 50, hit neut. 2, pl. n. hi b 93, heo 8 (10), ha 21, b 15, d. heom 9, 56, b 39, ham 70, b 117, a. heon b 98 (for heom), ham 36, 39. Reflexives are ham 5, heom 94, heom seoluen b 117, b 118; definitive, seolf 76, 83; possessives, mine s. a. f. 63, pl. a. 58, þin s. n. m. 60, 69, þines s. g. m. b 62, þine s. d. m. 66, b 63, s. d. f. 67, pl. d. 66, his 34, hire 20, ure 55, 83, heore 6 (5), hare 31. The definite article is s. n. þe m. 4, f. 25, þet neut. 25 &c., þat 25, g. þes m. 4, f. b 100, neut. 68, d. þam m. 41, 87, þan 3 (6), þen 61, 69, þon 5, þe b 8 (4), þa 3, þare f. b 98, þere b 60, b 84, b 103, þer 15, b 106, þe 15, þan neut. b 17, þon 23, þa b 111, þe 15, a. þenne m. 75, þene 90, 97, b 59, þon 88, þe b 24, þa f. 20, b 32, þe 24, þet neut. b 70 (with scrift m.), pl. n. þa, 5, 6, b 79, d. þam 7 (4), þan 13, 32, þa 14 (4), þe 15, a. þa 11 &c.: þet 8, b 35, b 47, b 51, b 114, b 115, b 116, is demonstrative. The article is also used as antecedent to relatives, þeo þe b 19, þa þe b 39, they who. The compound demonstrative is s. n. þis m. b 84, þes b 31, þis neut. b 91, þas b 73 (comp. 13/43), d. þisse m. b 10 (3), þis b 77, þisse f. 54, b 91, neut. 31, a. þeos m. b 81, þas f. b 36, þis neut. b 39, pl. n. þas 30, b 90, þos b 95, b 99, þeos b 14, b 33, b 105, d. þas b 113, a. 57, 65, þes b 100. The relative is mostly þe, but ꝥ 43 (6), þet b 106: interrogatives are hwa s. n. 7, 73, hwet 44, hwat, ꝥ b 78, hwilc s. n. b 21, wulc b 20, whulche pl. n. b 80, correlative swilc 21, b 40, swulc b 85: ilca is ilke s. d. 27, pl. n. 30, ilca pl. d. 31. Indefinites are hwa 6, hwa efre 97; me 36, b 9, mon 98, b 24; sume s. d. 9, sum s. a. 95, summe pl. n. 14, 28; oðer s. d. neut. 50, eoðre 45, oðre pl. d. 27, b 35, oðer pl. a. 97; ulcne s. a. b 66; uwilc s. n. 85, uwilche pl. d. 74, uwilc 83, uwilcan s. n. 17 (gehwilc ān); eani 18, 48, efreni 27; monie pl. b 113; alle s. d. f. 5 (4), al s. a. m. b 81, s. a. neut. 90, b 39, alle pl. n. 17 (4), alra pl. g. b 46, alremest b 35, alle pl. d. 27, alla b 76, alle pl. a. b 121.