1878-79.—Nordenskjold (Swed.) finds northeast passage.
1878-89.—Thomson (Scot.) journeys through Masai Land, British South Africa, Sokoto, Morocco, etc.
1878-85.—Major Serpa Pinto (Port.) twice crosses Africa.
1878-92.—Emin Pasha (Ger.) travels and surveys in Equatorial Africa.
1879.—Moustier and Zweifel (Swiss) find sources of the Niger.
1881-85.—Greely (U. S.) discovers Grinnell Land and northwestern coast of Greenland.
1885.—Wiesmann (Ger.) journeys across Africa from west coast, Congo Basin.
1886.—Peary (U. S.) explores North Greenland.
1887.—Capt. Younghusband (Eng.) travels from Pekin to Kashmir.
1893-96.—Nansen (Norw.) reached his “Farthest North” in lat. 86° 13′ 6′′ N.