Results: Xerxes retreats to Persia after his defeat at Salamis.
d. Fourth Persian Expedition—479 B. C.
War continued by troops which Xerxes left behind.
Leaders: (1) Mardonius; (2) Pausanias, Aristides.
Chief Actions: (1) Athens laid waste; (2) Platæa, Mycale.
Results: All Persian invasions and attempts to subjugate Greece cease.
THIRD MESSENIAN WAR.—464-456 B. C.
(1) Helots of Messenian descent vs. (2) Spartans.
Cause: Confusion following earthquake gives Helots courage to revolt.
Chief Action: (2) Mt. Ithome besieged. Sparta sent home her Athenian allies.