CRUSADES—1096-1270.
(1) European Christians vs. (2) Turks and Moslems.
First Crusade—1096-1099.
Causes: The appeal of the eastern emperor for aid, the desire to recover the Holy Sepulcher from the infidels, the love of adventure, and hope of gain.
Leaders: (1) Peter the Hermit, Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemond of Tarentum, Robert of Normandy.
Chief Actions: (1) Nicæa, Antioch, Jerusalem.
Results: Jerusalem is subdued and a transient kingdom is founded at Jerusalem.
Second Crusade—1147-1149.
Cause: The conquest of Edessa by the Moslems threatens Jerusalem. Preaching of Saint Bernard.
Leaders: (1) Conrad III. of Germany, Louis VII. of France.