Causes: Misgovernment of John and Henry III.
Leaders: (1) Stephen Langton, Simon de Montfort;
(2) King John, Prince Edward, later Edward I.
Chief Events: (1) Signing of Magna Charta, Lewes, Simon de Montfort’s Parliament; (2) Evesham.
Results: The beginning of constitutional monarchy—henceforth the king is below the law, not above it.
HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR—1337-1453.
(1) English vs. (2) French.
Causes: The conflict of interests of the French and English kings in Guienne, Flanders and Scotland. Edward III. advances claim by descent to the throne of France.
Leaders: (1) Edward III., Edward the Black Prince, Prince Henry V., Duke of Bedford; (2) Du Guesclin, Charles V., Joan of Arc.
Chief Actions: (1) Crécy, Calais, Poitiers, Peace of Bretigny, Agincourt, Treaty of Troyes; (2) Orleans (1429), Castillon (1453).