1143 Guido di Castello, Celestine II.
1144 Lucius II. The Roman people carry out the plans of Arnold of Brescia, institute a republic, and accept only the spiritual authority of the pope. Lucius appeals to the emperor, Conrad, in vain.
1145 Death of Lucius while storming the Capitol. The abbot, Bernard, of Pisa, Eugenius III, succeeds. He recovers Rome from Arnold of Brescia. The republic capitulates.
1146 Arnold regains Rome. Eugenius flees to France. He becomes the satellite of Bernard of Clairvaux. Council of Vézelay promotes Second Crusade.
1153 Conrad, bishop of Sabina, Anastasius IV.
1154 Nicholas Breakspear, Adrian IV.
1155 Rome put under religious interdiction. The clergy and people compel the senate to yield. Banishment and execution of Arnold of Brescia. Coronation of Frederick Barbarossa.
1156 Frederick retires to Germany. Alliance of Adrian with Sicily.
1157 Quarrel of Frederick and Adrian.