THE POPES FROM THE DEATH OF JULIUS II. [1513-1903 A.D.]
(The main political events of the papacy during this period are treated in the History of Italy; the list of popes is continued here for the sake of completeness.)
1513 Leo X, Giovanni de’ Medici. Concordat with Francis I concerning appointment of French bishops (1515). Authorisation of sale of indulgences (1517) brings about the Reformation. Annexes Urbino and Perugia to the papal states. Alliance with Charles V against Francis I. A great patron of literature and art.
1522 Adrian VI, tutor of Charles V. Attempts reforms, but is unable to stay the progress of the Reformation.
1523 Clement VII, Giulio de’ Medici. Enters the league against Charles V. Imprisoned at the sack of Rome (1527). Forbids the divorce of Henry VIII (1534).
1534 Paul III, Alessandro Farnese. Approves the establishment of the Jesuits (1540) and calls Council of Trent (1545). Makes his son duke of Parma and Piacenza.
1550 Julius III (Gianmaria de’ Medici).
1555 Marcellus II, Marcellus Cervius, dies in three weeks. Paul IV, Giovanni Pietro Caraffa, intolerant and tyrannical. Quarrels with Philip II of Spain who besieges Rome and makes Paul sue for peace.
1559 Pius IV, Giovanni Angelo de’ Medici.
1566 Pius V, Michele Ghislieri. A violent persecutor of dissenters.