1572 Gregory XIII, Ugo Buoncompagni. Introduces the Gregorian calendar.
1585 Sixtus V, Felice Peretti. Builds Vatican library and other great works.
1590 Urban VII, Giovanni Battista Castagna, lives thirteen days. Gregory XIV, Niccolo Sfondrati.
1591 Innocent IX, Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti. Lives two months.
1592 Clement VIII, Ippolito Aldobrandini. The Molinist and Jansenist controversy begins. Ferrara annexed to the papal states.
1604 Leo XI, Alessandro de’ Medici. Dies in four weeks. Paul V, Camillo Borghese. Contest with Venice in regard to ecclesiastical authority.
1621 Gregory XV, Alessandro Ludovisi. Founds the congregation of the Propaganda.
1623 Urban VIII, Maffeo Barberini. Supports France in Thirty Years’ War; annexes Urbino to his states.
1644 Innocent X, Giovanni Battista Pamfili. Condemns Treaty of Westphalia and the Jansenists.