Taine, H., Art in Italy; Italy—Florence and Venice, New York, 1869.—Tegrimi, N., Vita di Castruccio, in Muratori, vol. XI.—Testa, G. B., History of the War of Frederick I against the Communes of Lombardy, London, 1877.—Thayer, W. R., Dawn of Italian Independence—Italy from 1814-1849, Boston, 1893, 2 vols.—Tiraboschi, G., Literary History of Italy, Edinburgh, 1835.—Tivaroni, C., Storia del Risorgimento, Torino, 1869.—Trolard, E., Pèlerinage aux champs de bataille français d’Italie, Paris, 1893.—Trollope, T. A., History of the Commonwealth of Florence, London, 1865, 4 vols.
Valery, N., Historical, Literary, and Artistical Travels in Italy (trans. by C. E. Clifton), Paris, 1842.—Vaumicci, A., I martiri della libertà italiana, Milano, 1885, 2 vols.—Venosta, F., Umberto I, Re d’Italia Milano, 1885.—Venturi, Mrs. E. A., J. Mazzinni, A Memoir, London, 1875.—Viardot, L., Wonders of Italian Art, London, 1870.—Villani, G., Historia Fiorentina all’anno 1348, continuata da F. Villani, Milano e Firenze, 1802-46, 12 vols.; also in Muratori, Script. Res. Ital., vols. XIII-XIV.
Giovanni Villani (1280-1348) was the greatest of all the Italian chroniclers. Those who preceded him had produced very incomplete and legendary records, generally limited to particular places and periods, but Villani includes the whole of Europe in his chronicle. He says that he conceived the idea of his history while on a pilgrimage to Rome in 1300 on the occasion of the great jubilee ordained by Pope Boniface VIII. The contemplation of Rome’s “great and ancient remains, and reading the histories and great deeds of the Romans as written by Virgil, Sallust, Lucan, Livy, Valerius, Paulus Orosius, and other masters of history” inspired him “to take form and style from them,” and on his return from Rome he “began to compile this book, in honour of God and of the blessed John, and in praise of our city of Florence.” Though prominent in both the intellectual life and the public affairs of the city he looks at the facts of its history as calmly and serenely as an outsider. His work is not only the very corner-stone of the early mediæval history of Florence, but is of the greatest value for the history of all Italy in the fourteenth century. Villani’s chronicle was continued by his brother Matteo and the latter’s son Filippo and by them brought down to the year 1364.
Villari, P., History of Girolamo Savonarola and of his times, London, 1863, 2 vols.; Niccolo Machiavelli and his times, London, 1878-1881, 4 vols.; The Barbarian Invasions of Italy (trans. by L. Villari), London, 1902, 2 vols.; Storia politica d’Italia scritta da una società di professori, edited by P. Villari Milano, 1900.
Pasquale Villari (1827) is not an historian of very profound insight, but he possesses great breadth of culture and sympathy, and his works embody the best results of recent research on the periods in question. While his sympathy with the aims of Savonarola has perhaps led him to an extravagant view of the great reformer, his work on Machiavelli is of the highest importance to the student of Italian history. As minister of public instruction in the cabinet of Rudini Villari contributed much to the reform of education in Italy.
Voigt, G., Die Wiederbelebung des classischen Alterthums, 3rd edition, edited by Lehnerdt, Berlin, 1893, 2 vols.
Wallace, H. B., Essays on Italian Art, Philadelphia, 1858.—Weise, J., Italien und die Langobardenherrscher 568-623, Halle, 1887.—Whiteside, J., Italy in the Nineteenth Century, 2nd edition, London, 1860.—Wimpffen, E. F. de, Crimée-Italie, Paris, 1892.—Wrightson, R. H., History of Modern Italy from the First French Revolution to the Year 1850, London, 1855; The Sancta Republica Romana, London, 1891.
Zalla, A., Studio Storico, Firenze, 1890.—Zanoni, E., Speranze e sconforti d’Italia del 1815 al 1846, 1886.—Zeller, J. S., Abrégé de l’Histoire d’Italie depuis la Chute de l’empire Romaine, 2nd edition, Paris, 1864; Les tribuns et les révolutions en Italie, Paris, 1874.—Pie IX et Victor Emmanuel, Paris, 1879.
